本文選題：道路運輸　切入點：危險氣體　出處：《長安大學》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)高速發(fā)展,作為原料或生產(chǎn)加工輔料的氣體類危險品在工業(yè)及相關行業(yè)中的需求逐年增多,運輸壓力逐年增大。很多氣體類危險品具有毒性、易燃性和易爆性等危險特性,在道路運輸過程中一旦發(fā)生泄漏,將會引發(fā)中毒、火災和爆炸等惡性事故,給運輸沿線的生命財產(chǎn)及環(huán)境造成嚴重傷害。危險氣體運輸車輛就像一個移動的危險源,具有極大的風險。因此,危險氣體在道路運輸過程中發(fā)生泄漏事故后,如何快速、有效、直觀地計算出危險氣體的濃度分布、擴散范圍并按危害程度劃分不同的危險區(qū)域,科學指導沿線居民疏散,有效開展應急救援行動顯得至關重要。論文首先研究了道路運輸危險氣體泄漏事故的發(fā)生與發(fā)展過程、泄漏機理以及泄漏源形式,根據(jù)泄漏源形式和特征的不同將泄漏分成瞬時泄漏和連續(xù)泄漏兩種;以道路運輸液氯為研究對象,根據(jù)其泄漏的動態(tài)過程、物質特性和泄漏機理等,分別建立其瞬時泄漏和連續(xù)泄漏的泄漏源模型。其次,通過對危險氣體大氣擴散的影響因素進行分析,并結合道路運輸危險氣體的泄漏和擴散特點,引入動態(tài)變化的泄漏強度、罐車移動方向和速度等參數(shù),分別建立適用于道路運輸危險氣體的三種擴散模型:固定點源瞬時泄漏擴散模型、固定點源連續(xù)泄漏擴散模型和移動點源連續(xù)泄漏擴散模型。然后,以液氯的道路運輸為研究對象,采用MATLAB軟件編程,對三種典型的液氯泄漏情景進行模擬,以三維可視化的方式計算出氯氣的地面濃度分布和擴散范圍,并按嚴重程度從高到低劃分出立即致死區(qū)、重度區(qū)、中度區(qū)和輕度區(qū)4個危險區(qū)域。三種情景下的擴散結果也驗證了本文所建立的泄漏源模型和擴散模型的合理性。接著,將運輸泄漏擴散模擬引入到應急響應中,從而建立了包括接警、運輸泄漏擴散模擬、警報信息發(fā)布、應急響應行動和現(xiàn)場恢復等一系列過程的運輸泄漏事故的應急響應程序,為泄漏事故的預警和救援提供科學依據(jù)。最后結合上述分析和研究,以國內(nèi)某運輸企業(yè)運載液氯為例,運用本文所建的泄漏模型和擴散模型,對假定的實際道路事故場景進行模擬,計算出危險氣體的總影響區(qū)域及疏散區(qū)域,并提出相應的應急響應措施。實例研究表明,本文研究成果可為有關部門的應急響應和救援工作提供技術支持。綜上,論文基于道路運輸危險氣體的泄漏和擴散特征以及相關理論,建立了相應的泄漏源模型和擴散模型,并運用MATLAB軟件編程,對液氯道路運輸?shù)娜N典型泄漏事故場景進行模擬,給出氯氣的地面濃度分布和擴散范圍,并據(jù)此劃分危險區(qū)域,最后,將該運輸泄漏擴散模擬引入到應急管理中,建立了一套道路運輸危險氣體泄漏事故的應急響應程序。論文的研究成果可為運輸泄漏事故的預警、應急救援和風險評價提供理論支撐,為構建危險氣體道路運輸安全保障體系奠定基礎。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of modern industry, the demand of gas dangerous goods as raw materials or auxiliary materials for production and processing is increasing year by year, and the transportation pressure is increasing year by year. Dangerous characteristics such as flammability and explosive will lead to toxic, fire and explosion accidents once leakage occurs in the course of road transportation. Dangerous gas transport vehicles are like a moving hazard source, with great risks. Therefore, how to leak dangerous gas in the course of road transportation, how to quickly, Effectively and intuitively calculate the concentration distribution of dangerous gas, spread the range and divide different dangerous areas according to the degree of harm, and scientifically guide the evacuation of residents along the route. It is very important to carry out emergency rescue actions effectively. Firstly, this paper studies the occurrence and development of road transportation dangerous gas leakage accident, the leakage mechanism and the form of leakage source. The leakage is divided into instantaneous leakage and continuous leakage according to the form and characteristics of the leakage source, taking the road transportation liquid chlorine as the research object, according to its leakage dynamic process, material characteristics and leakage mechanism, etc. The leakage source models of instantaneous leakage and continuous leakage are established respectively. Secondly, by analyzing the influence factors of atmospheric diffusion of dangerous gas and combining the characteristics of leakage and diffusion of dangerous gas in road transportation, the dynamic variation of leakage intensity is introduced. Three kinds of diffusion models for road transportation of dangerous gas are established, such as the moving direction and velocity of the tank car, namely, the instantaneous leakage diffusion model of fixed point source. Fixed point source continuous leakage diffusion model and moving point source continuous leakage diffusion model. Then, taking the road transportation of liquid chlorine as the research object, three typical liquid chlorine leakage scenarios were simulated by MATLAB software. The surface concentration distribution and diffusion range of chlorine gas were calculated by 3D visualization, and the immediate lethal zone and severe area were divided from high to low according to the degree of severity. The diffusion results under three scenarios also verify the rationality of the leakage source model and diffusion model established in this paper. Then, the transport leakage diffusion simulation is introduced into the emergency response. Thus, an emergency response program for a series of transport leakage accidents, including alarm reception, transport leakage diffusion simulation, alarm information release, emergency response action and site recovery, was established. This paper provides scientific basis for early warning and rescue of leakage accident. Finally, with the above analysis and research, taking a domestic transportation enterprise carrying liquid chlorine as an example, the leakage model and diffusion model established in this paper are used. Based on the simulation of the actual road accident scenarios, the total affected area and the evacuation area of the dangerous gas are calculated, and the corresponding emergency response measures are put forward. The research results in this paper can provide technical support for emergency response and rescue work of relevant departments. In summary, based on the leakage and diffusion characteristics of dangerous gases in road transportation and related theories, the corresponding leakage source model and diffusion model are established. Three typical leakage accident scenarios of liquid chlorine road transportation are simulated by using MATLAB software, and the ground concentration distribution and diffusion range of chlorine gas are given, and the dangerous area is divided according to the distribution and distribution of chlorine gas. The simulation of transport leakage diffusion is introduced into emergency management, and a set of emergency response program for road transportation dangerous gas leakage accident is established. The research results of this paper can be used as early warning of transportation leakage accident. Emergency rescue and risk assessment provide theoretical support for the construction of dangerous gas road transportation security system.
【學位授予單位】：長安大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：U492.8

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