本文關(guān)鍵詞： 行人動力學(xué) 人員疏散 日本弓背蟻 昆蟲疏散 實(shí)驗(yàn) 元胞自動機(jī)模型 無視野行人　出處：《中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著我國社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的日益發(fā)展以及人民生活水平的日益提高,城市中出現(xiàn)了越來越多的大型建筑,同時(shí),由于人口的增長,出現(xiàn)了越來越多的人員密集區(qū)域,因此一旦發(fā)生災(zāi)害或是事故時(shí),大規(guī)模的人群如何更快更安全地從建筑中疏散出來成為了當(dāng)前急需研究的課題。然而,由于之前的研究方法存在一些難以解決的問題,比如：疏散模型的校準(zhǔn)和驗(yàn)證問題,恐慌狀態(tài)下的人員疏散實(shí)驗(yàn)難以開展,以及事故調(diào)查所存在的數(shù)據(jù)記錄稀缺和不完整性等等,因此,一些研究者們提出了一種新的研究方法：動物實(shí)驗(yàn)。本文主要以螞蟻為研究對象,對單列通道,單出口房間,雙出口房間中的壓力條件下螞蟻疏散行為特性開展了系統(tǒng)的研究,詳細(xì)分析了疏散過程中螞蟻的運(yùn)動行為特性,并且與人群疏散行為進(jìn)行對比分析,旨在進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識螞蟻本身的運(yùn)動行為特性,了解螞蟻與人類行為所存在的相似以及不同之處,為研究人員疏散探索新的方法。首先,本文采用日本弓背蟻,開展了螞蟻于單列通道中的疏散實(shí)驗(yàn),以揭示螞蟻這種常見的社會性昆蟲處于壓力條件下的運(yùn)動行為特征。在實(shí)驗(yàn)中,本文使用香茅油來驅(qū)動螞蟻從一條單向單列直通道的一端運(yùn)動到另外一端。整個實(shí)驗(yàn)過程都由一臺攝像機(jī)拍攝下來。接下來,本文使用圖像處理的方法從視頻中提取了螞蟻的速度和螞蟻間的間距。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,螞蟻的流量會隨著螞蟻密度的增加而增加。并且螞蟻的速度并不會隨著密度的升高而單調(diào)下降,反而隨著密度的變化擁有其特有的規(guī)律。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)中所得到的螞蟻運(yùn)動結(jié)果與人類基本圖存在不同之處。本文的工作為理解群體智能提供了重要的視野,并且為螞蟻交通研究方面提供了有用的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。為了進(jìn)一步地研究螞蟻的運(yùn)動特性,本文開展了日本弓背蟻于單出口矩形房間中的疏散實(shí)驗(yàn),在實(shí)驗(yàn)中,本文將螞蟻放置在單出口矩形房間內(nèi),房間內(nèi)部放置有一張濾紙,濾紙上注入了對于螞蟻具有刺激性的物質(zhì)香茅油。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),從房間通過單出口疏散時(shí)螞蟻流能夠形成多個簇。為了量化螞蟻群體的運(yùn)動行為,本文統(tǒng)計(jì)了六組重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)中每兩只連續(xù)從房間完全疏散的螞蟻間的時(shí)間間隔,每組實(shí)驗(yàn)中,房間擁有不同的出口寬度。隨著螞蟻從房間疏散出去,螞蟻個體間的時(shí)間間隔是有所不同的,并且時(shí)間間隔的頻率分布表現(xiàn)出指數(shù)式衰減的規(guī)律。本文同時(shí)也研究了每個簇的螞蟻數(shù)量和簇流量間的關(guān)系。通過本文所做的螞蟻疏散實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在壓力條件下的螞蟻疏散并沒有表現(xiàn)出“自私疏散行為”。為了拓展對于這個研究問題的認(rèn)識,本文構(gòu)建了一個元胞自動機(jī)模型來模擬螞蟻在壓力條件下的行為。在之前的螞蟻疏散實(shí)驗(yàn)中,本文得到了螞蟻的身長,形狀,實(shí)際速度,這些參數(shù)都被考慮到本文的模型之中。在之前所進(jìn)行的螞蟻疏散實(shí)驗(yàn)中,一張注有香茅油的濾紙被放于實(shí)驗(yàn)小室遠(yuǎn)離出口的那一邊上。受實(shí)驗(yàn)的啟發(fā),參數(shù)D被引入到本文的模型中,參數(shù)D是指螞蟻向前運(yùn)動的傾向,而向前運(yùn)動指的是向出口方向運(yùn)動,即遠(yuǎn)離香茅油的方向。模型中的每只螞蟻(An)都有相同的D值。在本文的模型中,N只螞蟻起始時(shí)被隨機(jī)放于房間中,本文采用的是順序更新的方法。關(guān)于每種出口寬度下,螞蟻疏散數(shù)量隨時(shí)間演化關(guān)系,我們將每種寬度下的疏散都進(jìn)行了多次模擬,并且將模擬出來的結(jié)果與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對比。之后,本文還使用模型研究了影響螞蟻疏散效率的因素。接下來,為了研究兩個出口間的距離對于螞蟻疏散行為的影響以及螞蟻從一個雙出口房間逃生的疏散行為,本文采用日本弓背蟻進(jìn)行了壓力條件下的螞蟻疏散實(shí)驗(yàn),一共進(jìn)行了八組重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。每組重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)包含五種實(shí)驗(yàn)場景,而每種實(shí)驗(yàn)場景兩出口間的間距都是不同的。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)螞蟻在壓力條件下表現(xiàn)出“對稱性破缺”的現(xiàn)象。本文還測量了連續(xù)疏散個體間的時(shí)間間隔以及流量,通過分析和研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同的出口位置對于螞蟻的疏散效率有著很明顯的影響。除此之外,通過比較一些重要的行為特征,比如：位置、軌跡、速度和密度圖,本文發(fā)現(xiàn),社會力模型中所預(yù)測的行人行為和實(shí)驗(yàn)中的螞蟻于壓力條件下的行為存在一些不同之處。此外,本研究開展了基于“盲人”行為的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。和之前的研究所不同的是,本文研究了單出口房間中不同大小出口以及雙出口房間中雙出口的不同位置條件下的行人行為,并且還擴(kuò)大了房間尺寸增加了實(shí)驗(yàn)中行人的數(shù)量。本文主要研究了簇形成現(xiàn)象以及無視野條件下人類的行為。整個疏散過程都使用攝像機(jī)記錄下來并進(jìn)行觀察。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),和有視野行人不同的是,被蒙上眼睛的人們表現(xiàn)出一種特殊的行為。在疏散實(shí)驗(yàn)中,本文發(fā)現(xiàn)行人流會形成多個簇。根據(jù)視頻觀測以及數(shù)據(jù)分析的結(jié)果,本文發(fā)現(xiàn)出口處并沒有發(fā)生阻塞甚至在出口處的密度只能達(dá)到3.29人/平方米。本文對于行人運(yùn)動的研究顯示被蒙上眼睛的行人速度頻率分布遵循高斯規(guī)律。除此之外,本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個可選擇的出口若能夠更為平均地使用,雙出口房間的疏散將會更有效率。另外,本文發(fā)現(xiàn)無視野行人疏散時(shí)所體現(xiàn)出的一些行為和螞蟻疏散時(shí)的行為存在某些相似性。最后,總結(jié)了全文的研究工作以及主要的結(jié)果,同時(shí)基于本文研究工作提出需要進(jìn)一步開展的研究。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's social economy and the increasing of people's living standards, the emergence of large buildings, more and more in the city at the same time, due to population growth, appears more and more crowded areas, so once the disaster or accident, large-scale population to more quickly and safely from the building evacuated has become an urgent research topic. However, because of the research methods before there are some difficult issues, such as: the calibration and verification problems of evacuation model, in a state of panic evacuation experiments difficult to carry out, and the data records exist scarce investigation of accidents and incomplete and so on, therefore, some researchers we propose a new research method: animal experiment. In this paper the ant as the research object, the single channel, single exit room, double outlet pressure conditions in the room Under the ant evacuationbehavior characteristics to carry out the system research, detailed analysis of the motion behavior of ants in the process of evacuation, and evacuation behavior were analyzed, aimed at further understanding the movement behavior of the ants themselves, some ants and human behavior understanding the similarities and differences of the evacuation, to explore a new method for researchers. First of all, this paper adopts C.japonics, evacuation experiments carried out in separate channels in ants, ants to reveal the common social insects in motion behavior under stress. In the experiment, we use citronella oil to drive ants from one end of a one-way single straight channel to the other end of the movement. The experimental process by a camera down. Next, this paper extracted from the video speed of ants and ant spacing between the use of the method of image processing . the experimental results show that the ant traffic will increase with the increase of ant density. And the speed of the ant does not decrease monotonically with increasing density, but with the change of density has its unique patterns. The study found that the ant movement result from in the experiments with different basic human figure. The work of this paper provides an important perspective for the understanding of swarm intelligence, and provides useful data for ant traffic research. In order to further study the ant movement characteristics, this paper carried out the experiment in C.japonics evacuation single exit rectangular room, in the experiment, the ants are placed on single export rectangular room. Inside the room is provided with a piece of filter paper, filter paper injected for ants have stimulant citronella oil. The study found that from the room through the single exit evacuation flow to the ants The formation of multiple clusters. In order to quantify the movement behavior of ant colony, based on the statistics of six groups of repeated experiment time interval of every two consecutive completely evacuated from the room between ants, each experiment, the room has a different outlet width. With the ant out from the room, the time interval between individual ants is different. And the frequency distribution of time intervals showed an exponential decay law. This paper also studies the relationship between the number of ants and cluster flow between each cluster. Through the ant evacuation experiment found that evacuation under pressure of ants did not show "selfish evacuation behavior". In order to expand the understanding of the research the problem, this paper constructs a cellular automaton model to simulate the behavior of ants under pressure. Before the evacuation of ants in the experiment, we get the length of the ant, The shape, the actual speed, these parameters were taken into the model in this paper. The ants before evacuation experiment, a note of citronella oil filter paper is placed on the side away from the outlet. The experimental chamber inspired by the experiment, the parameter D is introduced into the model, the parameter D is the tendency of ants moving ahead and move forward, refers to the export direction, away from the direction of citronella oil. Each ant in the model (An) have the same D value. In this model, N ants were randomly placed in the room at the beginning, this paper uses the method of sequential updating. For each outlet width, the number of ants evacuation time evolution relationship, we will each have evacuation width for a number of simulation, and the simulation results are compared with the experimental results. After that, this paper also uses the model to study the influence of The factors of ants evacuation efficiency. Then, in order to study the two exit distance influence on evacuation behavior of ants and ants escape from a double outlet room evacuation behavior, this paper adopts C.japonics was under pressure in the ant evacuation experiment, a total of eight groups of repeated experiments. Each repeated experiment included five experimental conditions, and spacing for each of the two export of the scene is different. The study found that ants exhibit "symmetry breaking" phenomenon under pressure. This paper also measured the time interval between consecutive individual evacuation and flow, through analysis and research found that different export position is significant impact on evacuation efficiency of ants. In addition, through the comparison of some important characteristics, such as position, trajectory, velocity and density map, this paper found that the social force model There are some differences between pedestrian behavior and experimental prediction of the behavior of ants in stressful conditions. In addition, this study was carried out based on "blind" behavior research and experimental research. Before the difference is studied in this paper, the pedestrian behavior in different position of double outlet of single room conditions in different size of export and export double outlet in the next room, and also expand the room size increases the number of pedestrians. The formation of experimental phenomena were studied in this paper under the condition of no cluster and view human behavior. The evacuation process is used to record and observation. The study found that there was a view and pedestrian is different, and people the eyes show a kind of special behavior. During the evacuation experiments, we found that the pedestrian flow will form multiple clusters. According to the analysis of video data and observation results, this paper found the exit and There is no congestion and even reached 3.29 / square meters in density at the exit. This paper only for the study of pedestrian movement shows blindfolded pedestrian speed frequency distribution follows the Gauss rule. In addition, the study also found that two can choose to export more evenly to use, will be more efficient to double the evacuation exit the room. In addition, this paper found some ants behavior and view of pedestrian evacuation that reflect the evacuation behavior when there is some similarity. Finally, summarizes the dissertation and the main results, at the same time, this paper put forward further studies based on.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X928

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1 王姝潔;螞蟻群體運(yùn)動規(guī)律的實(shí)驗(yàn)與模擬研究[D];中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué);2016年

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本文編號：1460190