清代至民國時期江西族產(chǎn)及其管理研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-16 20:07
【摘要】：清代至民國時期,江西宗族以及宗族內(nèi)部的各個房支一般都擁有一定數(shù)量的共有財產(chǎn),這些族產(chǎn)類型多種多樣,最常見類型是族田、祠堂、莊屋、山林和店鋪。在江西各地的宗族內(nèi)部,普遍存在各種類型的族會。設(shè)立族會的目的,通常是為宗族內(nèi)部的公共事務(wù)和公益事業(yè)籌集資金,因此族會都擁有一定數(shù)量會產(chǎn)。這些會社和會產(chǎn)在興辦各類宗族內(nèi)部公共事務(wù)和公益事業(yè),提高宗族凝聚力,以及興辦地方公益事業(yè),提高宗族社會影響力等方面發(fā)揮了十分重要的作用。由于族會數(shù)量眾多,種類齊全,會產(chǎn)占族產(chǎn)的比例高,因此在清代至民國時期,江西族會經(jīng)濟(jì)十分興盛。乾隆時期江西巡撫查禁祠宇之前,江西各地宗族勢力發(fā)展迅速,但絕大多數(shù)宗族族產(chǎn)微薄,僅能滿足祭祀之用。查禁祠宇事件使得宗族勢力和族產(chǎn)發(fā)展一度受到很大挫折,但是在族規(guī)和國法的雙重保護(hù)之下,江西宗族族產(chǎn)仍然能夠日積月累,總量不斷增長。清代以來江西各地,各宗族中族產(chǎn)分布數(shù)量很不均衡,在各類族產(chǎn)之中,族田和祠堂不僅數(shù)量最多,而且也最受族人的重視,在各類族田之中,又以祭田的數(shù)量最多,義田、學(xué)田也比較常見。清末,族田約占全部耕地的6%,至新中國建立前夕,江西族田占全部耕地的比例已經(jīng)高達(dá)12%以上,其中山區(qū)族田比例高于平原地區(qū),山區(qū)個別縣份族田占全部耕地的比例甚至高達(dá)40%。清代以來江西宗族共有財產(chǎn)的來源相當(dāng)廣泛,其中最為常見的是祖先遺產(chǎn),主要包括祭產(chǎn)和山林。除此之外,族眾的捐獻(xiàn)、向全體族人的強(qiáng)制攤派,也是清代以來江西族產(chǎn)的重要的來源。清代以來,在江西宗族中大量存在為協(xié)助宗祠,完成宗族內(nèi)部各項公共事務(wù)和公益事業(yè)而組建的各種會社,這些會社的收益,不斷通過捐款捐物的方式轉(zhuǎn)化為族產(chǎn)。族產(chǎn)在祭祀之后的盈余,被族產(chǎn)的管理者用來投資增殖,使得族產(chǎn)能夠不斷增長。此外,宗祠還通過族規(guī)強(qiáng)制收取族人財物來擴(kuò)充族產(chǎn),最常見的有丁費、祠儀、罰款、戶絕財產(chǎn)充公和捐享入祠等。清代以來的江西宗族中,只有極少數(shù)宗族沿用了傳統(tǒng)的宗子制度,大多數(shù)宗族中,最高管理人員是族長。與族長地位相似的還有族正、族約。各房支也都設(shè)立房長進(jìn)行管理。此外,還有首士、值年、禁首等許多管理人員輔助族長處理宗族內(nèi)部事務(wù)。這些管理人員通常由族人推舉產(chǎn)生,推舉的通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是德才兼?zhèn)?公正廉明,有威望,能服眾。管理人員選拔制度比較公平、公正和公開。宗族事務(wù)管理工作需要一定的能力和威望,因此,族長以及他手下的管理人員,大多由族中文化程度比較高的人擔(dān)任。房長、首士等低級管理人員的設(shè)置,使得有權(quán)參與族中事務(wù)管理的人員達(dá)到一定的數(shù)量,族長不可能一人獨攬族產(chǎn)的管理權(quán)。為激勵管理人員的工作熱情,許多宗族還制定了相應(yīng)的獎懲措施。位于城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村的宗祠,除在祠費管理等方面有一定相似之處外,在許多方面有著完全不同的規(guī)定,這是由于兩者性質(zhì)和功能不同而產(chǎn)生的差異。江西各地宗族的族田有族人自管、義莊專管、宗祠統(tǒng)管、族人輪管和拼領(lǐng)包管五種管理模式。族田在經(jīng)營方式上,除個別地區(qū)存在佃仆制度之外,大多數(shù)宗族的族田全部都采用租佃經(jīng)營的模式。在現(xiàn)金和田租的經(jīng)營管理上,也有一些共通之處：比如都特別重視錢糧出納環(huán)節(jié),制訂數(shù)本賬簿,將收支明細(xì)一一登載,并由不同的人員保管。錢糧的管理人員定期輪換,交接時要賬目清楚。比如,族產(chǎn)的經(jīng)營者一般都會將盈余錢糧放貸生息,積累到一定金額之后用于購置族田。清代至民國時期,江西各地宗族利用族產(chǎn)興辦了許多宗族內(nèi)部事務(wù),族產(chǎn)的支出,主要用于祭祀、建祠修譜、興辦教育、獎勵學(xué)子,以及對族內(nèi)的貧困孤寡進(jìn)行撫恤等。這些措施在很大程度上緩和了宗族內(nèi)部矛盾,增強(qiáng)了宗族的凝聚力。但也有一些宗族管理規(guī)章不夠嚴(yán)密,又不能順時而變,使得一些宗族中管理人員濫用族產(chǎn),甚至侵吞族產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)象屢有發(fā)生,由此引發(fā)了許多矛盾和沖突。宗族內(nèi)部不同房支爭奪族產(chǎn)管理權(quán)和貧困與富裕族人圍繞族產(chǎn)的支配權(quán)也產(chǎn)生了許多糾紛。此外墳山作為一種特殊形態(tài)的族產(chǎn),無論遭到宗族成員還是外部人員的侵害,都很容易引起尖銳的對立。在保護(hù)先人遺骸的前提下,以禁約和清白界址合同來規(guī)范彼此利益范圍,進(jìn)而杜絕侵盜冒占等行為,是民間與官方處理此類糾紛,保持宗族內(nèi)部和宗族之間和諧的常用方法。
[Abstract]:From the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the clans and their branches in Jiangxi generally owned a certain amount of common property. These clan property types were various. The most common types were clan fields, ancestral halls, houses, forests and shops. There were various types of clan associations within the clans in Jiangxi Province. The purpose of establishing clan associations was usually for clans. These associations and properties play an important role in setting up various kinds of public affairs and public welfare undertakings within the clan, enhancing the cohesion of the clan, setting up local public welfare undertakings and enhancing the social influence of the clan. In the period from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the economy of Jiangxi clan association was very prosperous. Before the governor of Jiangxi inspected and banned the ancestral halls in the Qianlong period, the clan forces in all parts of Jiangxi developed rapidly, but the majority of the clans produced very little, which could only satisfy the purpose of sacrifice. The development of clan property was once a great setback, but under the dual protection of clan rules and national laws, the clan property in Jiangxi Province has been able to accumulate over time and the total amount has been increasing continuously. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, about 6% of the total cultivated land was in the family fields. By the eve of the founding of New China, the proportion of the whole cultivated land in the family fields in Jiangxi had reached more than 12%. The proportion of the family fields in the mountain areas was higher than that in the plains, and the proportion of the family fields in the individual counties in the mountain areas was even higher than that in the plains. Since the Qing Dynasty, the common property of the clans in Jiangxi has a wide range of sources, the most common of which is the ancestral heritage, mainly including sacrificial offerings and mountains and forests. The income of these associations is constantly converted into the family property through donations. The surplus of the family property after the sacrifice is used by the managers of the family property to invest and multiply, so that the family property can continue to grow. In addition, the ancestral hall also obligates the family members through the clan regulations. Since the Qing Dynasty, only a few clans in Jiangxi Province have followed the traditional patriarchal clan system. Most of the clans, the top management personnel are patriarchs. In addition, there are the first officers, who are on duty and prohibited from assisting the patriarch in the internal affairs of the clan. These managers are usually elected by the clan. The general criteria for selection are integrity, impartiality, prestige and persuasion. The selection system of managers is fairer, fair and open. In order to encourage the management personnel to take part in the management of the affairs of the clan, the head of the clan can not monopolize the management of the property by himself. The ancestral halls located in towns and villages have some similarities in the management of ancestral fees, but they have completely different regulations in many aspects. This is due to the differences in their nature and functions. There are five kinds of management modes, namely, management by ancestral halls, rotation by clansmen, and collateral and contractual management. Apart from the existence of tenancy system in some areas, most of the clan fields adopt tenancy management mode. For example, the operators of the family property would lend the surplus money and grain for interest and accumulate it to a certain amount for the purchase of family land. During the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the clans in Jiangxi Province used the family property to set up the family property. Many of the clan's internal affairs and property expenditures are mainly used for sacrificial rites, ancestral hall compilation, education, reward students, and pension for the poor widows and widows within the clan. These measures have largely eased the contradictions within the clan and enhanced the cohesion of the clan. However, some clan management regulations are not strict enough and can not be timely. As a result of the changes, there have been many conflicts and conflicts among the clan administrators, who abuse and even embezzle the property of the clan. There have also been many disputes between the clan administrators and the rich and the poor over the property of the clan. Under the precondition of protecting the remains of ancestors, it is a common method for the people and the government to handle such disputes and maintain harmony between the clans and clans to standardize the scope of mutual interests by prohibiting contracts and clearing the boundary contracts, and then to eliminate embezzlement and embezzlement.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：江西財經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F129
本文編號：2244650
[Abstract]:From the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the clans and their branches in Jiangxi generally owned a certain amount of common property. These clan property types were various. The most common types were clan fields, ancestral halls, houses, forests and shops. There were various types of clan associations within the clans in Jiangxi Province. The purpose of establishing clan associations was usually for clans. These associations and properties play an important role in setting up various kinds of public affairs and public welfare undertakings within the clan, enhancing the cohesion of the clan, setting up local public welfare undertakings and enhancing the social influence of the clan. In the period from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the economy of Jiangxi clan association was very prosperous. Before the governor of Jiangxi inspected and banned the ancestral halls in the Qianlong period, the clan forces in all parts of Jiangxi developed rapidly, but the majority of the clans produced very little, which could only satisfy the purpose of sacrifice. The development of clan property was once a great setback, but under the dual protection of clan rules and national laws, the clan property in Jiangxi Province has been able to accumulate over time and the total amount has been increasing continuously. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, about 6% of the total cultivated land was in the family fields. By the eve of the founding of New China, the proportion of the whole cultivated land in the family fields in Jiangxi had reached more than 12%. The proportion of the family fields in the mountain areas was higher than that in the plains, and the proportion of the family fields in the individual counties in the mountain areas was even higher than that in the plains. Since the Qing Dynasty, the common property of the clans in Jiangxi has a wide range of sources, the most common of which is the ancestral heritage, mainly including sacrificial offerings and mountains and forests. The income of these associations is constantly converted into the family property through donations. The surplus of the family property after the sacrifice is used by the managers of the family property to invest and multiply, so that the family property can continue to grow. In addition, the ancestral hall also obligates the family members through the clan regulations. Since the Qing Dynasty, only a few clans in Jiangxi Province have followed the traditional patriarchal clan system. Most of the clans, the top management personnel are patriarchs. In addition, there are the first officers, who are on duty and prohibited from assisting the patriarch in the internal affairs of the clan. These managers are usually elected by the clan. The general criteria for selection are integrity, impartiality, prestige and persuasion. The selection system of managers is fairer, fair and open. In order to encourage the management personnel to take part in the management of the affairs of the clan, the head of the clan can not monopolize the management of the property by himself. The ancestral halls located in towns and villages have some similarities in the management of ancestral fees, but they have completely different regulations in many aspects. This is due to the differences in their nature and functions. There are five kinds of management modes, namely, management by ancestral halls, rotation by clansmen, and collateral and contractual management. Apart from the existence of tenancy system in some areas, most of the clan fields adopt tenancy management mode. For example, the operators of the family property would lend the surplus money and grain for interest and accumulate it to a certain amount for the purchase of family land. During the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the clans in Jiangxi Province used the family property to set up the family property. Many of the clan's internal affairs and property expenditures are mainly used for sacrificial rites, ancestral hall compilation, education, reward students, and pension for the poor widows and widows within the clan. These measures have largely eased the contradictions within the clan and enhanced the cohesion of the clan. However, some clan management regulations are not strict enough and can not be timely. As a result of the changes, there have been many conflicts and conflicts among the clan administrators, who abuse and even embezzle the property of the clan. There have also been many disputes between the clan administrators and the rich and the poor over the property of the clan. Under the precondition of protecting the remains of ancestors, it is a common method for the people and the government to handle such disputes and maintain harmony between the clans and clans to standardize the scope of mutual interests by prohibiting contracts and clearing the boundary contracts, and then to eliminate embezzlement and embezzlement.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：江西財經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F129
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