發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-02-16 03:55

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 能力分析法 低福利增長 多維福利不平等 機(jī)會(huì)不平等 社會(huì)流動(dòng)　出處：《華中科技大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：中國在過去三十多年里創(chuàng)造了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的奇跡,貧困人口迅速減少,人民生活水平有了明顯改善。但在“唯GDP論”的政策導(dǎo)向下,各級(jí)政府在制定和評(píng)估政策時(shí)以經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),政績考核“唯GDP論英雄”,而非經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的發(fā)展沒有受到應(yīng)有的重視。這種不協(xié)調(diào)的發(fā)展使得居民生活質(zhì)量沒有得到應(yīng)有的提升。2013年的人類發(fā)展報(bào)告顯示：中國人均國民收入位居全球第90位,而更能反映居民生活質(zhì)量的人類發(fā)展指數(shù)卻位居全球101位,兩種排名之間的差距更是全球領(lǐng)先。如此巨大的差距除了因?yàn)椤拔℅DP論”的政策導(dǎo)向,也與越來越嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)不平等問題息息相關(guān)。 在經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長的同時(shí),中國的社會(huì)不平等問題也漸漸突顯,這不僅體現(xiàn)在收入差距不斷擴(kuò)大,還體現(xiàn)在教育不平等、健康不平等以及其它各種不平等問題。這些不平等使得社會(huì)的福利分布不平等比任何單一維度的不平等問題都要復(fù)雜。福利分布不平等進(jìn)一步損害整個(gè)社會(huì)的福利水平,加劇了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長與福利增長之間的脫節(jié)程度。此外,收入不平等、教育不平等、健康不平等等都是結(jié)果不平等,這些結(jié)果不平等可能源自機(jī)會(huì)分配的不平等也可能是人們自身責(zé)任因素引起的分配差異。機(jī)會(huì)不平等往往更不容易被社會(huì)大眾所接受,甚至?xí)种平?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。這使得經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與福利發(fā)展之間的關(guān)系更為復(fù)雜。應(yīng)對(duì)這些復(fù)雜問題需要我們更清楚地認(rèn)識(shí)中國當(dāng)前的不平等問題。阿瑪?shù)賮啞ど哪芰Ψ治龇ㄌ峁┝朔浅Ｓ薪梃b意義的分析視角。本文在能力分析框架下,從多維福利不平等和機(jī)會(huì)不平等這兩個(gè)方面探討中國當(dāng)前的不平等問題。 多維福利和機(jī)會(huì)都是Sen在能力分析法中所強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容。在此框架下發(fā)展起來的多維福利不平等和機(jī)會(huì)不平等都是現(xiàn)代福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的前沿課題。然而,國內(nèi)有關(guān)這兩個(gè)方面的研究還比較少見,極少數(shù)相關(guān)的研究中還存在許多不足。本文將這兩個(gè)不平等問題結(jié)合起來探討,可以為理解中國當(dāng)前的不平等問題提供更全面、更新穎的視角,也可以為相關(guān)的政策制定提供更豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。本文的主要結(jié)論包括： (1)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與社會(huì)福利發(fā)展不協(xié)調(diào)的微觀機(jī)制在于,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長沒有使得那些原本在非貨幣方面就處于不利地位的居民更多地享受增長的成果,相反,那些原本已經(jīng)在非貨幣方面比較有利的居民在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長過程中獲益較多。這也意味著經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等并不能正確反映福利不平等。 (2)在收入、健康和教育三個(gè)維度的情況下,中國居民的福利不平等程度在加劇,且福利不平等對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)的福利水平造成的損失大約在15%左右。中國居民的福利不平等主要由收入不平等導(dǎo)致,其次是教育不平等,二者解釋了福利不平等的88%左右。健康不平等和收入、健康與教育三者之間的相關(guān)性在福利不平等中的作用相當(dāng),二者解釋了福利不平等的12%左右。分城鄉(xiāng)的估算結(jié)果表明,城市內(nèi)部的福利不平等程度要低于農(nóng)村內(nèi)部。中國多維福利不平等的變化趨勢(shì)在大部分參數(shù)設(shè)定下是比較穩(wěn)健的。選用其他合理的社會(huì)福利函數(shù)形式也不會(huì)影響對(duì)多維福利不平等變化趨勢(shì)的判斷。然而,不同的參數(shù)設(shè)置對(duì)多維不平等的分解估算有較大影響。收入、健康與教育三者之間的相關(guān)性對(duì)福利不平等的作用隨著不平等厭惡系數(shù)的增加(在常用值范圍內(nèi))而增加。 (3)中國城市居民在獲取個(gè)人收入時(shí)面臨著較為嚴(yán)重的機(jī)會(huì)不平等,收入的機(jī)會(huì)不平等在加劇,且上升速度大于收入不平等的上升速度,這意味著個(gè)人責(zé)任因素(努力)在收入差距形成中的作用在弱化,也意味著中國的收入流動(dòng)性在固化。中國居民的收入機(jī)會(huì)不平等不僅體現(xiàn)在起點(diǎn)時(shí)的機(jī)會(huì)不平等,還體現(xiàn)在過程中的機(jī)會(huì)不平等,這使得機(jī)會(huì)平等呈現(xiàn)出“累積”的現(xiàn)象。女性居民面臨更嚴(yán)重的收入機(jī)會(huì)不平等；中西部地區(qū)面臨的機(jī)會(huì)不平等比東部省份更嚴(yán)重。中國城市居民的收入機(jī)會(huì)不平等在多種機(jī)會(huì)不平等測(cè)度指標(biāo)下所得的結(jié)果比較穩(wěn)健。此外,對(duì)總機(jī)會(huì)不平等的分解表明,家庭背景在形成收入機(jī)會(huì)不平等中的作用越來越重要,由其是父母的教育水平。性別雖然也是導(dǎo)致收入機(jī)會(huì)不平等的重要因素,但它在機(jī)會(huì)不平等中的作用保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的趨勢(shì)。 (4)居民的主觀機(jī)會(huì)不平等與居民的再分配偏好和流動(dòng)性預(yù)期顯著相關(guān),越是認(rèn)為機(jī)會(huì)公平的居民越傾向于有向上流動(dòng)的預(yù)期,也越不支持再分配政策。
[Abstract]:China has created a miracle of economic development over the past three decades , the poverty population has declined rapidly , and the living standard of the people has been remarkably improved . However , in the policy direction of the " only GDP theory " , the governments at all levels have not received due attention in the formulation and evaluation of policies . However , the development of non - economic aspects has not received due attention . The human development report in 2013 shows that China ' s per capita national income is ranked 90 in the world , and the gap between the two ranks is the world ' s leading edge . At the same time of economic growth , China ' s social inequality has become more and more prominent , not only in the widening income gap , but also in education inequality , health inequality and other inequalities . These inequalities make the social welfare distribution inequality more complex than any single dimension of inequality . The inequality of benefits is often less likely to be accepted by the public , and even inhibits economic development . The multi - dimensional welfare and the opportunity are the contents of Sen ' s ability analysis . The multi - dimensional welfare inequality and the opportunity inequality developed under this framework are the leading subjects in modern welfare economics . ( 1 ) The lack of coordination of economic development and social welfare development is that economic growth has not led to the increased enjoyment of growth by those who had been disadvantaged in non - monetary terms , and , on the contrary , those who had already been more favourable in non - monetary terms had benefited more in the process of economic growth , which also implied that economic inequality did not correctly reflect well - being inequality . ( 2 ) In the case of income , health and education , the welfare of Chinese residents is increasing , and the loss of welfare inequality is about 15 % . ( 3 ) China ' s urban residents face more serious opportunities for inequality in the acquisition of individual income , income inequality is increasing , and rising speed is greater than income inequality . This means that the role of individual responsibility factors in income gap formation is weakening , which means that China ' s income inequality is more serious than in the eastern provinces . In addition , the inequality of income opportunities in the central and western regions is more important than in the eastern provinces . In addition , the inequality of income opportunities in the central and western regions is more and more important , but it is an important factor leading to inequality in income opportunities , but it is a relatively stable trend in the role of inequality in opportunities . ( 4 ) The subjective opportunity of residents is not equal to the residents ' re - allocation preference and liquidity expectation , and the more the residents who consider the opportunity fair tend to have the expectation of upward mobility , the less the redistribution policy is supported .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：F126.2;D632.1
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本文編號(hào)：1514599