本文關(guān)鍵詞： 青藏高原 資源可持續(xù)利用 資源貢獻(xiàn)力 生態(tài)足跡 資源福利指數(shù)　出處：《蘭州大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：青藏高原是世界上除南北極之外的最后一片凈土,有廣泛的生態(tài)環(huán)境影響。青藏高原雖然是我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū),但卻是我國(guó)草地資源、生物資源等自然資源富集和少數(shù)民族聚集的地區(qū),資源的利用狀態(tài)決定著高原未來(lái)的發(fā)展方向,直接關(guān)系到高原的生態(tài)環(huán)境,影響我國(guó)、東南亞乃至全世界的生態(tài)環(huán)境問(wèn)題。因此,研究青藏高原地區(qū)資源的可持續(xù)利用情況,對(duì)青藏高原地區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要的理論意義和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 資源可持續(xù)利用研究涉及“自然—經(jīng)濟(jì)—社會(huì)”三位一體的復(fù)雜巨系統(tǒng),本文按照自然系統(tǒng)→“自然—經(jīng)濟(jì)”系統(tǒng)→“自然—經(jīng)濟(jì)—社會(huì)”系統(tǒng)逐層深入進(jìn)行青藏高原地區(qū)資源可持續(xù)利用實(shí)證分析。以青海、西藏、四川、云南、甘肅和新疆6個(gè)省(區(qū))作為研究對(duì)象,以2002-2011年為研究的時(shí)間范圍,具體選取生態(tài)足跡(Ecological Footprint, EF)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行6種資源(耕地、草地、林地、水域、化石能源和建設(shè)用地)貢獻(xiàn)力的實(shí)證分析,選取萬(wàn)元GDP生態(tài)足跡指標(biāo)進(jìn)行6種資源利用效率的實(shí)證分析,選取資源福利指數(shù)(Resource Welfare Index,RWI)進(jìn)行資源可持續(xù)利用狀態(tài)與社會(huì)福利的實(shí)證分析,主要得出以下結(jié)論： 1、除西藏外,其他5省(區(qū))都已出現(xiàn)生態(tài)赤字。青藏高原各地區(qū)資源可持續(xù)利用的空間差異較大,西藏一直處于生態(tài)盈余狀態(tài),資源開發(fā)利用的程度小,而其他各省(區(qū))都已出現(xiàn)生態(tài)赤字,且有增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。青海的生態(tài)赤字最小,2011年為-1.207hm2；新疆的生態(tài)赤字最大,2011年已達(dá)到-3.858hm2。 2、以青藏高原6種資源的平均人均生態(tài)足跡為基礎(chǔ),以不同資源所占比例的大小來(lái)判斷各種資源對(duì)人生存的貢獻(xiàn)力大小,得出各種資源的貢獻(xiàn)力由大到小依次為：化石能源(44.229%)耕地(30.831%)草地(22.641%)水域(1.096%)林地(0.889%)建設(shè)用地(0.313%)。6種資源中的化石能源的貢獻(xiàn)力最大,說(shuō)明經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對(duì)能源的依賴很大。 3、青藏高原6省(區(qū))萬(wàn)元GDP生態(tài)足跡的數(shù)值都呈下降趨勢(shì),對(duì)應(yīng)的總體資源利用效率都呈增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。萬(wàn)元GDP生態(tài)足跡表明產(chǎn)生每萬(wàn)元的GDP所消耗的資源,數(shù)值越大,資源的利用效率越低,反之,資源的利用效率越高。根據(jù)2002-2011年萬(wàn)元GDP生態(tài)足跡10年的平均值,得出6省(區(qū))總體資源利用效率由高到低依次為：四川青海西藏平均值甘肅云南新疆；資源利用率都有所提高,增長(zhǎng)的速度由快到慢依次為：四川西藏平均值甘肅青海云南新疆。 4、計(jì)算出各種資源6省(區(qū))2002-2011年的每年的萬(wàn)元GDP生態(tài)足跡平均值,再將計(jì)算出的10年的數(shù)值取平均值,得出每種資源的萬(wàn)元GDP生態(tài)足跡：耕地(0.665hm2/萬(wàn)元)、草地(0.457hm2歷元)、林地(0.016hm2歷元)、水域(0.023hm2/萬(wàn)元)、化石能源(1.013hm2/萬(wàn)元)、建設(shè)用地(0.006hm2/萬(wàn)元)。根據(jù)各種資源的萬(wàn)元GDP生態(tài)足跡數(shù)值的大小得出,青藏高原的各種資源的利用率由高到低依次為：建設(shè)用地林地水域草地耕地化石能源。 5、根據(jù)各種資源10年的萬(wàn)元GDP生態(tài)足跡的基尼系數(shù)的大小及變化,判斷青藏高原各地區(qū)資源利用效率的差異程度�；嵯禂�(shù)越大,差異程度越大。6省(區(qū))10年的總體資源利用效率的基尼系數(shù)在0.05-0.2之間,10年的平均值為0.108,同時(shí)基尼系數(shù)有變大的趨勢(shì),說(shuō)明青藏高原各地區(qū)總體資源利用效率的差異程度較小,但差異程度有變大的趨勢(shì)。根據(jù)各種資源的萬(wàn)元GDP生態(tài)足跡基尼系數(shù)10年的平均值大小,得出不同資源利用效率的差異程度由大到小依次為：林地(0.802)水域(0.691)草地(0.546)建設(shè)用地(0.349)耕地(0.258)化石能源(0.177)。 6、根據(jù)資源福利指數(shù)(RWI)的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)得出,西藏的資源可持續(xù)利用的狀態(tài)為次良性正向發(fā)展,青海、四川、云南、甘肅和新疆為次惡性正向發(fā)展。RWI是本文結(jié)合人類發(fā)展指數(shù)(HDI)和生態(tài)足跡指數(shù)(EFI)提出的,即單位資源投入所產(chǎn)出的福利水平,目的是全面地反映在利用資源發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的同時(shí)反饋給社會(huì)的綜合效率水平,并根據(jù)RWI、HDI和EFI的變化趨勢(shì)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)資源可持續(xù)利用狀況。西藏RWI的增長(zhǎng)率0,HDI的增長(zhǎng)率(7.509%)大于EFI的增長(zhǎng)率(3.615%),表明資源消耗和社會(huì)福利水平都增長(zhǎng),同時(shí)社會(huì)福利水平增長(zhǎng)的速度高于資源消耗的速度,資源可持續(xù)利用呈現(xiàn)出次良性正向發(fā)展?fàn)顟B(tài)。青海、四川、云南、甘肅和新疆的RWI的增長(zhǎng)率0,HDI的增長(zhǎng)率小于EFI的增長(zhǎng)率,表明資源消耗和社會(huì)福利水平都增加,但社會(huì)福利水平增長(zhǎng)的速度低于資源消耗的速度,資源可持續(xù)利用呈現(xiàn)出次惡性正向發(fā)展?fàn)顟B(tài)。 7、青藏高原生物資源消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)有待優(yōu)化。通過(guò)對(duì)青藏高原的生物資源的貢獻(xiàn)力的分析得出青藏高原總體生物資源的消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)為：糧食等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品畜產(chǎn)品水產(chǎn)品林產(chǎn)品。青藏高原6省(區(qū))的生物資源貢獻(xiàn)力大小存在差異,消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)也有所不同,青海和西藏的畜產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)量最大,其次是糧食等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,其他4省(區(qū))仍是糧食等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)最大。所以,說(shuō)明青藏高原地區(qū)的消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)還是以糧食等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品為主,生物資源的消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)需要優(yōu)化,可適當(dāng)增加畜產(chǎn)品和林產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)比例。 8、能源的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)有待優(yōu)化轉(zhuǎn)型。通過(guò)對(duì)6省(區(qū))6種資源對(duì)人生存的貢獻(xiàn)力的實(shí)證分析得出,各種資源對(duì)人生存的貢獻(xiàn)力中,化石能源居首位,占據(jù)絕大部分貢獻(xiàn)力的就有青海、甘肅和新疆3省,只有四川和云南的耕地資源大于化石能源的貢獻(xiàn)力,青藏高原地區(qū)對(duì)各種能源的消耗中,化石能源的消耗量最大。但是,通過(guò)對(duì)青藏高原6省(區(qū))資源利用率的實(shí)證分析得出,在青藏高原的6種資源的利用率中,化石能源的利用率最低。對(duì)于化石能源的利用存在消耗量大,但能源利用率低的問(wèn)題。所以,能源的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)有待優(yōu)化轉(zhuǎn)型。
[Abstract]:Qinghai Tibet Plateau is the world in addition to North and South beyond the last piece of pure land, the ecological environment has wide influence. Although the Tibetan Plateau is China's underdeveloped areas, but the grassland resources in China, rich in natural resources and biological resources of minority areas, the use of state resources determines the direction of future development of the plateau that is directly related to the ecological environment of the plateau, the impact of China's ecological environment, Southeast Asia and the whole world. Therefore, the sustainable use of regional resources on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, has important theoretical significance and practical significance for the sustainable development of Tibetan Plateau.
Study on the sustainable utilization of resources involved in "nature - economy - society" three-in-one complex giant system, according to the natural system, the nature of economic system "and" nature - economy - society "system step by step further empirically the sustainable use of regional resources in Qinghai analysis. In Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan Province, 6 Gansu and Xinjiang (District) as the research object, based on 2002-2011 as the research scope of time, the ecological footprint (Ecological Footprint, EF) 6 resources index (farmland, grassland, woodland, water area, construction land and fossil energy) empirical analysis of contribution, select the million GDP ecological footprint index 6 empirical analysis of the efficiency of resource utilization, resource selection index (Resource Welfare Index, welfare RWI) empirical state and social welfare resources sustainable utilization analysis, we draw the following conclusions:
1, in addition to Tibet, the other 5 provinces (regions) have appeared. The spatial difference of ecological deficit sustainable utilization of regional resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau is large, Tibet has been in a state of ecological surplus, the development and utilization of resources is small, and the other provinces (regions) have appeared ecological deficit, and the growth trend of ecological deficit. Qinghai minimum, 2011 is -1.207hm2; the maximum ecological deficit in Xinjiang, 2011 has reached -3.858hm2.
2, the Tibetan Plateau 6 resources average per capita ecological footprint based on different resource proportion size to determine the various resources of existence with force, the contribution of various resources in descending order: fossil energy land (44.229%) (30.831%) (22.641%) (the waters of grassland 1.096%) woodland (0.889%) construction land (0.313%) the largest fossil energy resources in the.6 contribution to the economic development, a lot of energy dependence.
3, 6 Tibetan Plateau (District) numerical GDP's ecological footprint showed a downward trend, the overall resources corresponding to the use efficiency showed a rising trend. The ecological footprint of ten thousand yuan GDP showed that consumption per 10000 yuan of GDP resources, the greater the value, the efficiency of resource utilization is low, on the other hand, resources the use of high efficiency. Based on the average 2002-2011 million GDP ecological footprint values of 10 years, the 6 provinces (regions) the overall resource utilization efficiency from high to low: Sichuan Qinghai Tibet Gansu Yunnan Xinjiang average; resource utilization rate has increased, the growth rate is in turn from fast to slow: Sichuan Tibet Gansu Qinghai Yunnan Xinjiang average.
4, calculate the 6 provinces (regions) of all kinds of resources in 2002-2011 year million GDP ecological footprint average numerical 10 years then calculate the average, that each resource million GDP ecological footprint: arable land (0.665hm2/ million), grassland (0.457hm2 epoch), woodland (0.016hm2 epoch), waters (0.023hm2/ million), fossil energy (1.013hm2/ million), construction land (0.006hm2/ million). According to the ecological footprint of ten thousand yuan GDP the size of the values of various resources, use of various resources of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau rate from high to low: Land woodland grassland farmland water fossil energy construction.
5, according to the size and the changes of the Gini coefficient of various resources 10 years million GDP ecological footprint, determine the difference degree of utilization efficiency of regional resources in the Tibetan Plateau. The Gini coefficient is, the greater the difference of.6 province (area) the Gini coefficient of efficiency of the overall resource utilization in 10 years between 0.05-0.2, the average value of 10 for 0.108 years, at the same time, the Gini coefficient is bigger, the efficiency of the overall resources in various regions of the Tibetan Plateau had little difference, but the difference is bigger. According to various resources million GDP ecological footprint Gini coefficient 10 year average size, the degree of difference between the utilization efficiency of different resources by large to small is as follows: (0.802) woodland grassland waters (0.691) (0.546) construction land (0.349) land (0.258) of fossil energy (0.177).
6, according to the resource welfare index (RWI) and the evaluation standard, the sustainable utilization of resources in Tibet state for the positive development of benign Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, and Xinjiang for the development of.RWI is based on the positive malignant human development index (HDI) and the ecological footprint index (EFI) is proposed, namely resource unit into the output of the welfare level, is fully reflected in the use of resources and economic development of the feedback to the overall efficiency level of the society, and according to RWI, the change trend of HDI and EFI to assess a country or region sustainable utilization. The Tibet RWI growth rate of 0, the growth rate of HDI (7.509%) is greater than the growth rate of EFI (3.615%), showed that the consumption of resources and the level of social welfare is growing, while the level of social welfare growth rate is higher than the rate of resource consumption, sustainable use of resources showing the positive and healthy development status. The Qinghai times Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, and Xinjiang's RWI growth rate of 0, the growth rate of HDI is less than the growth rate of EFI, indicates that the consumption of resources and the level of social welfare will increase, but the level of social welfare growth rate lower than the rate of resource consumption, sustainable use of resources showing positive malignant development.
7, the Tibetan Plateau biological resources consumption structure needs to be optimized. Through the analysis of the consumption structure of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau biological resource contribution that overall biomass resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau: grain and other agricultural products aquatic animal products of forest products. 6 provinces of Qinghai Tibet Plateau (District) differences in the biological resources contribution force, consumption structure different consumption in Qinghai and Tibet's largest livestock products, followed by food and other agricultural products, the other 4 provinces (regions) is the largest consumer of grain and other agricultural products. So that the consumption structure of the Tibetan Plateau is dominated by grain and other agricultural products, the consumption structure of biological resources need to be optimized, can be appropriately increased the proportion of consumption of livestock products and forest products.
8, the industrial structure needs to be optimized. The energy transformation of 6 provinces (regions) an empirical analysis of 6 kinds of resources for human survival of the contribution that the contribution of various resources for human survival in the fossil energy in the first place, occupy most of the contribution is Qinghai, Gansu and Xinjiang 3 provinces, only the cultivated land Sichuan and Yunnan more than fossil energy contribution, Tibetan Plateau area of energy consumption, the consumption of fossil energy. However, through the 6 provinces of Qinghai Tibet Plateau (District) analysis shows that the utilization rate of empirical resources, in the use of 6 kinds of resources of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau rate, utilization of fossil energy the lowest rate. For the use of fossil energy are consumed in large quantities, but the utilization rate is low. Therefore, the industrial structure needs to be optimized energy transformation.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：F127;F205

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