本文關(guān)鍵詞：我國(guó)調(diào)整勞資分配比例對(duì)居民消費(fèi)需求的影響分析　出處：《西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 勞資分配比例 勞動(dòng)者報(bào)酬 居民消費(fèi)

【摘要】：居民消費(fèi)是擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需,拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力之一,且越來越占據(jù)主要地位。2011年底召開的中央經(jīng)濟(jì)工作會(huì)議提出了關(guān)于2012年加快經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的重點(diǎn)。其中之一就是擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需,特別是消費(fèi)需求。具體做法是要“調(diào)整優(yōu)化需求結(jié)構(gòu),重點(diǎn)提升居民消費(fèi)能力,改善居民消費(fèi)條件,培育新的消費(fèi)熱點(diǎn)”。2012年底,黨的十八大報(bào)告明確提出要“加快建立擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)需求長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制”。然而,我國(guó)存在著勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬在GDP中的占比不斷下降,資本所有者占有經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展成果和社會(huì)財(cái)富逐漸增大的趨勢(shì)。這樣的勞資分配比例不合理直接導(dǎo)致我國(guó)以勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬收入為主要可支配收入來源的居民收入降低,消費(fèi)能力不足。 本文從勞資分配比例視角來研究我國(guó)的居民消費(fèi)不足問題,使用理論分析和實(shí)證分析相結(jié)合的方法,以馬克思主義經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論為基礎(chǔ),結(jié)合大量的有實(shí)效性的數(shù)據(jù),研究了我國(guó)調(diào)整勞資分配比例,提高國(guó)民收入初次分配中的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬比重對(duì)于擴(kuò)大居民消費(fèi)的影響。 第一章為導(dǎo)論,說明了論文所要研究的問題和研究意義,對(duì)相關(guān)概念進(jìn)行了界定和解釋,梳理了論文的思路和框架,指出了論文的創(chuàng)新和不足之處。 第二章為相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)綜述,綜述了國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)于勞資分配比例、居民消費(fèi)需求以及二者的相關(guān)關(guān)系所作出的理論分析和實(shí)證研究。大多數(shù)學(xué)者都同意勞資分配比例關(guān)系是國(guó)民收入分配中的主要內(nèi)容,國(guó)外的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬份額在工業(yè)化和城市化過程中有相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性,甚至呈現(xiàn)出上升的趨勢(shì),而我國(guó)的勞動(dòng)份額卻呈現(xiàn)下降的趨勢(shì)。同時(shí),我國(guó)的收入分配是影響居民消費(fèi)的主要因素,這種影響主要體現(xiàn)在國(guó)民收入分配格局和居民收入差距上。 第三章為我國(guó)的勞資分配比例現(xiàn)狀分析。從1991年到2012年的20年間,我國(guó)的勞動(dòng)者報(bào)酬占比一直呈現(xiàn)出降低的趨勢(shì),同時(shí),從1978年到2012年的30多年間,我國(guó)的職工工資總額占GDP比重也處于下降水平。跟國(guó)際上發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的類似經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展階段比較,我國(guó)的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬份額也是偏低的。 第四章以馬克思主義經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的勞動(dòng)力價(jià)值理論為基礎(chǔ),對(duì)我國(guó)的勞資分配比例失調(diào),勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬降低進(jìn)行了理論分析。馬克思指出和其他的商品價(jià)值一樣,勞動(dòng)力的價(jià)值也是由它的再生產(chǎn)所必需的勞動(dòng)量決定的,而這個(gè)勞動(dòng)量又是由工人的必要生活資料的價(jià)值決定的。我們從歷史的發(fā)展的角度來看,勞動(dòng)力價(jià)值的變動(dòng)并不是簡(jiǎn)單的隨著勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的提高而降低,勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和勞動(dòng)復(fù)雜程度、勞動(dòng)者所需生活資料的質(zhì)和量的變化以及教育和發(fā)展費(fèi)用的不斷提高等等方面都會(huì)使勞動(dòng)力價(jià)值上升。勞動(dòng)力價(jià)值有上升的需要,但是我國(guó)的勞動(dòng)者報(bào)酬卻呈現(xiàn)出下降的趨勢(shì)。馬克思指出,如果勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的供求平衡狀態(tài)被打破,資本稀缺,勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的勞動(dòng)力供大于求,便會(huì)出現(xiàn)資本所有者即雇主占主導(dǎo)地位,以低廉的價(jià)格獲取勞動(dòng)力資源的現(xiàn)象。從我國(guó)的現(xiàn)狀來看,我國(guó)正處在一個(gè)資本稀缺,勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的勞動(dòng)力供大于求的狀態(tài),并且這種資本占主導(dǎo)地位的形式還將持續(xù)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)期；加之我國(guó)的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)現(xiàn)存的勞動(dòng)力資源供給豐富且質(zhì)量偏低的特點(diǎn),使大部分的勞動(dòng)力長(zhǎng)期處于市場(chǎng)中的弱勢(shì)位置,在崗位需求稀缺的情況下,勞動(dòng)者展開激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),為雇主降低工資提供了條件,導(dǎo)致我國(guó)的勞動(dòng)者報(bào)酬下降。 第五章分析了我國(guó)調(diào)整勞資分配比例,提高勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬占比對(duì)擴(kuò)大居民消費(fèi)的影響。 首先,對(duì)我國(guó)的居民消費(fèi)不足現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了分析：我國(guó)的居民消費(fèi)動(dòng)力不足,傾向于將收入用于儲(chǔ)蓄,居民存款增長(zhǎng)率一直處于較高的水平,我國(guó)的最終消費(fèi)率持續(xù)下降,從2001年超過60%的水平后至2010年降至48.2%,十年間下降了12個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；同時(shí)不同群體的消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)不同,不論是城鎮(zhèn)居民還是農(nóng)村居民,食品、醫(yī)療的支出比重都由低收入者到高收入者遞減；交通通信和文教娛樂比重由低收入者到高收入者遞增,但是我國(guó)的80%以上的居民消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)都停留在醫(yī)療、食品等初級(jí)階段。 接下來,以此為基礎(chǔ)探討我國(guó)勞資分配不合理,勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬占比低對(duì)居民消費(fèi)的影響：我國(guó)的居民收入以勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬為主,以2012年為例,城鎮(zhèn)居民和農(nóng)村居民的勞動(dòng)性報(bào)酬收入分別占人均可支配收入的70.6%和88.2%,是當(dāng)年社會(huì)購(gòu)買力的主要來源。但是,我國(guó)居民的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬1占比在國(guó)際上處于較低水平,從2009年來看,美國(guó)的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬占GDP比重高出了我國(guó)11個(gè)百分點(diǎn),在有相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)布的國(guó)家中,只有韓國(guó)和南非比我國(guó)低了1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。這種低水平的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬占比直接導(dǎo)致了我國(guó)以勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬為主的居民可支配收入偏低,消費(fèi)動(dòng)力不足；同時(shí),我國(guó)居民大部分屬于低收入群體,占我國(guó)比重一半左右就業(yè)人數(shù)的勞動(dòng)者(農(nóng)、林、牧、漁業(yè))的收入從1978年到2012年一直為我國(guó)所有行業(yè)的最低水平,消費(fèi)需求只能大部分停留在食品醫(yī)療等初級(jí)階段,居民消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展滯后；另一方面,國(guó)民收入分配向資本傾斜,從1998年到2007年我國(guó)大中型工業(yè)企業(yè)凈資產(chǎn)收益率從3.12%增長(zhǎng)到17.91%,達(dá)到了近6倍的增長(zhǎng),2008年受到美國(guó)金融危機(jī)的影響,凈資產(chǎn)收益率有所下降,但也維持在15%以上,且以后也呈現(xiàn)上升的趨勢(shì)。我國(guó)企業(yè)的利潤(rùn)總額從1998年到2012年增長(zhǎng)了45倍,而職工的工資總額增長(zhǎng)僅為6倍左右,在企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的同時(shí),勞動(dòng)者的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬沒有獲得同等的提高,長(zhǎng)期較大地低于企業(yè)利潤(rùn)的增長(zhǎng)。這種勞資分配比例的不平衡自然使得我國(guó)的勞動(dòng)者報(bào)酬處于劣勢(shì)地位,居民消費(fèi)也只能處于低迷狀態(tài),消費(fèi)者的貨幣支付能力需要下降,最終消費(fèi)支出占GDP比重下降,我國(guó)的最終消費(fèi)率持續(xù)走低。 最后,分析了調(diào)整勞資分配比例,提高勞動(dòng)者報(bào)酬占比對(duì)擴(kuò)大居民消費(fèi)的積極影響。調(diào)整勞資分配比例,提高我國(guó)國(guó)民收入初次分配中勞動(dòng)者報(bào)酬占比,能夠直接增加我國(guó)以勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬為主的居民可支配收入,可支配收入的增加能夠使居民在滿足儲(chǔ)蓄需要后轉(zhuǎn)移到消費(fèi)上,增加居民的消費(fèi)動(dòng)力；同時(shí),勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬收入的提高,能夠改善我國(guó)大部分居民群體的低收入水平狀況,有利于引導(dǎo)我國(guó)居民消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的改善,使廣大的居民從食品、醫(yī)療等基礎(chǔ)消費(fèi)轉(zhuǎn)移到更加高層次的消費(fèi)水平,擴(kuò)大相應(yīng)市場(chǎng)的需求,緩解部分第三產(chǎn)業(yè)市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)品過剩的情況,也符合我國(guó)“初次分配注重效率,再分配注重公平”這一原則；調(diào)整勞資分配比例,提高勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬占比,能夠一定程度緩解我國(guó)的國(guó)民收入向資本傾斜,使廣大勞動(dòng)者能夠跟上企業(yè)和我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,使經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的收益回歸到勞動(dòng)者身上,更加符合社會(huì)主義國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的最終目標(biāo)。 第六章根據(jù)前文的分析,提出了關(guān)于調(diào)整勞資分配比例、擴(kuò)大居民消費(fèi)的建議。首先要堅(jiān)持按勞分配為主、多種分配方式并存的分配制度,完善相關(guān)分配機(jī)制；同時(shí)建立符合我國(guó)國(guó)情的工資增長(zhǎng)機(jī)制、建立企業(yè)的工資集體協(xié)商制度,保護(hù)勞動(dòng)所得,完善對(duì)勞動(dòng)者收入的保障機(jī)制；加強(qiáng)對(duì)勞動(dòng)者素質(zhì)和技能的培訓(xùn)；最后,完善政府再分配的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,適當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)資本報(bào)酬。
[Abstract]:The consumer is to expand domestic demand pulling power of economic development, and more and more dominant.2011 at the end of the central economic work conference held on 2012 put forward the key to accelerate the adjustment of economic structure. One is to expand domestic demand, especially consumer demand. The specific approach is to adjust and optimize the structure of demand, focus on the improvement of residents' consumption ability to improve consumer conditions, foster new consumption hot spots.2012 "at the end of the eighteen Party Congress report clearly put forward to accelerate the establishment of a long-term mechanism for expanding consumer demand. However, the existence of China's labor remuneration in the proportion of GDP decreased, the capital owner occupies the achievements of economic development and social wealth gradually.. the distribution ratio of labor and capital so irrational directly led to China's labor income to pay residents disposable income from lower income and consumption of energy The force is insufficient.
The consumption problem from the perspective to study the distribution ratio of labor and capital of our country, using the method of combining theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, the Marx economics theory as the foundation, combined with a large number of real data of China to adjust the distribution ratio of labor and capital, improve the primary distribution of the national income for the proportion of labor remuneration effect of expanding consumption.
The first chapter is the introduction, explaining the problems and significance of the research, defining and explaining the related concepts, sorting out the train of thought and framework, and pointing out the innovations and shortcomings of the paper.
The second chapter is literature review, review of domestic and foreign scholars on the labor distribution ratio, theoretical analysis and empirical research of correlation between consumer demand and the two. Most scholars agree that the distribution ratio of labor and capital relation is the main content in the distribution of national income, labor income share abroad is relatively stable in industrialization and in the process of city, even showing a rising trend, and China's labor share is declining. At the same time, China's income distribution is the main factor affecting the consumer, this effect is mainly reflected in the distribution of national income and the income gap of residents.
The third chapter is the analysis of the labor distribution ratio of the current situation of our country. From 1991 to 2012 of 20 years, China's labor share has been showing a decreasing trend, at the same time, from 1978 to 2012 of more than 30 years, total wages in China accounted for the proportion of GDP is declined level. Compared with the developed countries. A similar stage of economic development, labor share in China is low.
The fourth chapter is on the basis of Marx's economics in the theory of labor value, imbalance of the distribution ratio of labor and capital of our country, reduce the labor remuneration is analyzed in theory. Marx pointed out that like other commodity value, the amount of labor force is the value of its reproduction necessary decisions, and the amount of labor is necessary the value of life information workers. We decided from the historical development angle, and change the value of labor is not simply with the improvement of labor productivity and reduce labor intensity and complexity, the required life information and the change in quantity and quality of education and development costs are rising and so on the labour value rose. There is a rising need of labor value, but our labor is showing a downward trend. Marx pointed out that if the labor Power market supply and demand balance is broken, scarce capital and labour market oversupply, there will be capital owners that employers dominated at low prices for labor resources. From the current situation of our country, our country is in a state of scarce capital and labor market supply of labor for the capital and the dominant form will continue for a long period of time; and the characteristics of the labor market of our country existing labor resource rich supply and low quality, make the most of the labor force in the market in a weak position in the long term, demand for jobs scarce, workers in fierce competition that provides the conditions for employers to reduce wages, leading to China's labor compensation declined.
The fifth chapter analyses the effect of adjusting the proportion of labor and capital distribution and improving the ratio of labor remuneration to the expansion of the consumption.
First of all, the insufficient consumption situation in China were analyzed: lack of China's consumption power, tend to be income for savings, household savings growth rate has been at a high level, China's final consumption rate continued to decline by more than 60% from 2001 to 2010 to 48.2% level, ten years down 12 percentage points; at the same time, the consumption structure of different groups, whether urban or rural residents, food, medical expenses by decreasing the proportion of low-income to high-income persons; transportation and communication and education and entertainment accounted for by the low income to high income increases, but the consumption structure of residents in China more than 80% of the stay in the primary stage of medical, food and so on.
Next, on the basis of labor distribution in our country is not reasonable, labor compensation for the impact on consumption than low income residents in China: Based on labor remuneration, for example in 2012, urban residents and rural residents labor remuneration income accounted for disposable income of 70.6% and 88.2%, is the main source of when the purchasing power of society. However, the labor remuneration of the residents in our country accounted for 1 in the world than in the low level, from 2009, the U.S. labor compensation proportion of GDP accounted for 11 percentage points higher than in China, relevant data released in the country, only South Korea and South Africa than China's low of 1 percentage points. This low level of labor remuneration accounted for a direct result of China's labor remuneration to the disposable income of residents is low, less power consumption; at the same time, the majority of residents in our country belongs to the low income group, China accounted for half of the proportion of the left Right of workers employment (agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery) income from 1978 to 2012 has been the lowest level for all industries in China, consumer demand can only remain in the preliminary stage of food and medical development, the consumption structure lags behind; on the other hand, the distribution of national income tilt to the capital, from 1998 to 2007 China's large and medium-sized industrial enterprises net assets income rate increased from 3.12% to 17.91%, reaching nearly 6 times the growth in 2008, affected by the financial crisis in the United States, net assets income rate declined, but remained above 15%, and later also showed a rising trend. The total profits of enterprises in China from 1998 to 2012 an increase of 45 times, while the salary of the total growth is only about 6 times, in the economic development of the enterprise, the remuneration of workers did not receive the same increase greatly lower than the long-term business profit growth. The imbalance of labor and capital distribution naturally makes China's laborers' remuneration at a disadvantage. Residents' consumption can only be in a doldrums. The consumer's ability to pay money needs to decrease. The proportion of final consumption expenditure to GDP decreases. The final consumption rate of China continues to decline.
Finally, analysis of the adjustment of labor allocation, improve the positive impact of employeecompensation on expanding consumption. The adjustment of labor allocation, improve the remuneration of workers at the national income distribution proportion, can directly increase our labor remuneration as the disposable income of residents, the increase of disposable income to enable the residents to meet savings need to transfer to consumption, increase the power consumption of the residents; at the same time, improve the labor income, lower income level can improve the majority of the population groups in China, to help guide the Chinese residents' consumption structure improvement, so that the majority of the residents from the transfer of food, health care and other basic consumption to more high level of consumption the level of the corresponding expansion of market demand, alleviate some of the third industry market surplus of products, also meet our initial distribution focus on efficiency, focusing on redistribution Fair "is a principle; the adjustment of labor allocation proportion, improve the proportion of labor remuneration, can to some extent alleviate China's national income tilt to the capital, the majority of workers and enterprises to keep up with the development of China's economy, the economic growth of the income return to labor, more in line with the ultimate goal of the development of socialist economy.
The sixth chapter according to the above analysis, put forward on the adjustment of the distribution ratio of labor and capital, expand consumer advice. We must first adhere to distribution according to work and distribution system of a variety of modes of distribution coexist, improve the relevant distribution mechanism; at the same time to establish our country's wage growth mechanism, establish collective wage consultation system of enterprises, protection of labor income and improving the safeguard mechanism on labor income; to strengthen the quality of workers and skills training; finally, improve the regulatory mechanism of government redistribution, adjusting the capital return.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：F126.1;F124.7

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