發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-11 02:15

  本文選題：人口流動(dòng) + 公共服務(wù)��； 參考：《財(cái)政部財(cái)政科學(xué)研究所》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：改革開放以來,我國(guó)人口流動(dòng)呈現(xiàn)出錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的局面。社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的逐步建立和完善,勞動(dòng)力成為重要的生產(chǎn)要素,經(jīng)濟(jì)因素逐步成為人口流動(dòng)的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)因素。除了受經(jīng)濟(jì)因素驅(qū)動(dòng)的人口流動(dòng)外,由于大型水電工程、高速公路等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)引致的非自愿人口流動(dòng)規(guī)模龐大,由于局部地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化導(dǎo)致的生態(tài)人口流動(dòng)壓力也以日劇增。本文從厘清流動(dòng)人口的概念開始,回顧了人口流動(dòng)理論的發(fā)展脈絡(luò),回答了我國(guó)流動(dòng)人口的規(guī)律、機(jī)制,并對(duì)人口流動(dòng)的過程進(jìn)行了分析。在此基礎(chǔ)上按驅(qū)動(dòng)流動(dòng)人口的因素把流動(dòng)人口分為市場(chǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)的流動(dòng)人口,工程非自愿人口流動(dòng)及生態(tài)人口流動(dòng)。并研究了人口流動(dòng)對(duì)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。最后分別正對(duì)市場(chǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)的人口流動(dòng)和非自愿人口流動(dòng)提出了相應(yīng)的公共服務(wù)供給對(duì)策。 人口流動(dòng)的根源是什么?驅(qū)使人口流動(dòng)的動(dòng)力是什么?人口流動(dòng)并不是完全無(wú)序,也不是單純由環(huán)境或者政策的壓力所驅(qū)使,而是遵循一定的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律。人口流入地的拉力和人口流出地的推力共同作用決定了人口流動(dòng),這就是著名的“推拉理論”�！巴评碚摗睆摹巴啤焙汀袄眱煞N角度對(duì)人口流動(dòng)這一社會(huì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了揭示。人口流動(dòng)對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)會(huì)產(chǎn)生一系列的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng),比如：經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)效應(yīng)、通貨膨脹效應(yīng)、收入效應(yīng)與替代效應(yīng)、人口壓力效應(yīng)等。 改革開放以來,市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)逐步取代了原來的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì),市場(chǎng)成為資源配置的基本手段,勞動(dòng)力商品化成了可能,這為勞動(dòng)力這一要素追逐與資本、技術(shù)和市場(chǎng)的最佳配置,尋求勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬最大化奠定了基礎(chǔ)。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)建立于完善、社會(huì)管理制度的變革、傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)向工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)變以及民營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的崛起成為我國(guó)市場(chǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)人口的流動(dòng)大的宏觀背景。同歷史上我國(guó)人口流動(dòng)情況相比,現(xiàn)階段我國(guó)人口遷移進(jìn)程發(fā)生了顯著地變化。主要體現(xiàn)在：農(nóng)村非戶籍遷移人口成為主流,農(nóng)村人口為了追逐經(jīng)濟(jì)利益跨區(qū)域就業(yè)規(guī)模日益龐大；人口遷移的城鄉(xiāng)模式發(fā)生了變化,在人口從農(nóng)村向城鎮(zhèn)遷移的大趨勢(shì)下,部分農(nóng)民工回流、回鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)的趨勢(shì)也比較明顯；人口流動(dòng)的區(qū)域模式也在逐步變化,珠三角對(duì)流動(dòng)人口的吸納能力逐步讓位于長(zhǎng)三角,以此同時(shí)隨著西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略、中部崛起戰(zhàn)略等區(qū)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施,東、西部人口流出的強(qiáng)度也在逐漸減弱。 由于我國(guó)工程非自愿人口流動(dòng)理論研究的滯后及我國(guó)土地制度的不完善,我國(guó)工程非自愿人口流動(dòng)貧困性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較突出。工程人口流動(dòng)主要導(dǎo)致物質(zhì)損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、就業(yè)方式轉(zhuǎn)變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、失去享有公共資源的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)三類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。同時(shí)由于我國(guó)人口流動(dòng)補(bǔ)償制度的不完善,進(jìn)一步加劇了我國(guó)工程人口流動(dòng)的貧困風(fēng)險(xiǎn),成為工程人口流動(dòng)二次人口流動(dòng)或者返鄉(xiāng)的一個(gè)重要因素。我國(guó)現(xiàn)有的工程人口流動(dòng)的補(bǔ)償制度主要由法律、法規(guī)和地方性規(guī)章組成。系統(tǒng)性和權(quán)威性不強(qiáng),碎片化嚴(yán)重,在執(zhí)行過程中“彈性”較大。主要體現(xiàn)在征地補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定不合理,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)低,并且彈性大,在實(shí)際操作過程中政府的自由裁量權(quán)大；我國(guó)土地產(chǎn)權(quán)制定的約束,在我國(guó)土地屬于國(guó)家和集體所有,農(nóng)民只有使用權(quán)而沒有所有權(quán),這在人口流動(dòng)補(bǔ)償?shù)膶?shí)踐過程中,對(duì)如何保護(hù)人口流動(dòng)的土地權(quán)益設(shè)置了障礙；人口流動(dòng)安置方式固化,沒有充分考慮到我國(guó)正處于快速市場(chǎng)化及快速城鎮(zhèn)化這一國(guó)情,過分注重以土安置模式,從而造成人口流動(dòng)發(fā)展空間受限,造成二次人口流動(dòng)；忽視人口流動(dòng)社會(huì)資本的損失,在人口流動(dòng)補(bǔ)償過程中,沒有考慮對(duì)人口流動(dòng)的社會(huì)資本的補(bǔ)償。 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展,我國(guó)生態(tài)人口流動(dòng)的規(guī)模和壓力也日益增大。在實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、生態(tài)和諧發(fā)展的同時(shí),如何引導(dǎo)和保護(hù)好生態(tài)人口流動(dòng)成為當(dāng)今社會(huì)的熱點(diǎn)問題。不同于工程非自愿人口流動(dòng),生態(tài)人口流動(dòng)的補(bǔ)償主體不明確、受益對(duì)象也比較模糊,這導(dǎo)致我國(guó)生態(tài)人口流動(dòng)補(bǔ)償制度缺陷不少。主要體現(xiàn)在生態(tài)人口流動(dòng)補(bǔ)償原則不明確、補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)低、補(bǔ)償期限短、補(bǔ)償程序不規(guī)范以及生態(tài)人口流動(dòng)缺少行政救濟(jì)途徑等。 為了完善我國(guó)流動(dòng)人口公共政策,引導(dǎo)和促進(jìn)人口有序合理流動(dòng),需要我們以提供動(dòng)態(tài)的公共服務(wù)、實(shí)現(xiàn)流動(dòng)人口流動(dòng)公共服務(wù)均等化,切實(shí)解決人口流動(dòng)所帶來的負(fù)面影響,提高勞動(dòng)力資源同其他生產(chǎn)要素的有效組合,促進(jìn)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。具體而言有以下幾條政策；(1)優(yōu)化基本公共服務(wù),通過明確各級(jí)政府職責(zé),優(yōu)化公共財(cái)政政策,解決流動(dòng)人口貧困等因人口流動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響(2)優(yōu)化財(cái)政支出結(jié)構(gòu),加大支出力度,加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督監(jiān)管進(jìn)一步完善流動(dòng)人口社會(huì)保障制度,建立城鄉(xiāng)基本統(tǒng)一的社會(huì)保障網(wǎng)絡(luò)。(3)針對(duì)非自愿人口流動(dòng)所帶來的公共福利損失及人口流動(dòng)聚居地公共服務(wù)缺失等問題,要進(jìn)一步明確在非自愿人口流動(dòng)過程中中央政府和地方各級(jí)政府的事權(quán)劃分,明確權(quán)責(zé)。在明確政府提供公共服務(wù)的主導(dǎo)地位的前提下,進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)和培育非政府組織的力量,完善市場(chǎng)提供公共服務(wù)的機(jī)制。通過法治化的政府行為、層級(jí)化的功能供給、契約化的合作機(jī)制、一體化的服務(wù)體系建設(shè),來緩解當(dāng)前我國(guó)費(fèi)自愿人口流動(dòng)公共服務(wù)供給過程中的公共產(chǎn)品供給能力不足、公共服務(wù)質(zhì)量不高、公共資源配置不均等現(xiàn)實(shí)問題。推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和諧健康發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, the population flow in China has become a complex situation. The gradual establishment and improvement of the socialist market economy system, the labor force become an important factor of production, and the economic factors have gradually become the main driving factor of the population flow. Besides the population flow driven by the economic factors, the large hydropower project, high speed public There is a large scale of involuntary population flow caused by the construction of infrastructure and other infrastructures. Because of the deterioration of ecological environment in local areas, the pressure of ecological population flow is also increasing. This article reviews the development of the population flow theory from the definition of the floating population, and answers the law, mechanism and the population flow of the floating population in China. The dynamic process is analyzed. On this basis, the floating population is divided into a market driven floating population, an involuntary population flow and an ecological population flow according to the factors driving the floating population, and the impact of the population flow on the regional economy is studied. Finally, the market driven population flow and the involuntary population flow are put forward respectively. Corresponding countermeasures for the supply of public services.
What is the root of the flow of population? What is the driving force for the movement of the population? Population flow is not completely disordered, nor is it driven solely by the pressure of the environment or policy, but a certain economic law. The force of the population inflow and the thrust of the outflow of population determines the flow of population, which is known as "the famous" Push pull theory. "Push and pull theory" reveals the social phenomenon of population flow from two angles of "push" and "pull". Population flow will produce a series of macroeconomic effects on the whole social economy, such as economic growth effect, inflation effect, income effect and substitution effect, population pressure effect and so on.
Since the reform and opening up, the market economy has gradually replaced the original planned economy, the market has become the basic means of resource allocation, and the labor commodity has become possible. This has laid a foundation for the pursuit and capital of the labor force, the best allocation of technology and the market and the maximization of labor remuneration. The market economy is established and the social management system is established. The change of the degree, the transformation of the traditional agricultural society to the industrial economy and the rise of the private economy have become the macro background of the flow of the market driven population in our country. Compared with the situation of the population flow in our country, the process of population migration has changed significantly at the present stage. The main body is that the non domicile population in rural areas has become the mainstream, The rural population in order to pursue economic interests cross regional employment scale is increasingly large; the urban and rural mode of population migration has changed. In the trend of population migration from rural to cities and towns, some migrant workers return, the trend of returning home to start a business is more obvious; the regional model of population flow is also changing gradually, the Pearl River Delta is to the floating population. At the same time, with the implementation of regional development strategy, such as the strategy of the western development and the strategy of the rise of the central region, the intensity of the outflow of population in the East and the west is gradually weakening.
Due to the lag of the research on the involuntary population flow theory in China and the imperfect land system in China, the risk of the impoverished mobility of the involuntary population flow in China is more prominent. The engineering population flow mainly leads to the risk of material loss, the risk of the transformation of the employment mode, and the loss of the risk of the three types of risks that enjoy the public resources. The imperfect system of population flow compensation has further aggravated the poverty risk of the flow of Engineering population in China, and became an important factor in the two times of population flow or return to the country. The existing compensation system for the flow of Engineering population is mainly composed of laws, regulations and local regulations. The system and authority are not strong and broken. In the execution process, it is serious that "elasticity" is larger in the process of execution. It is mainly reflected in the unreasonable establishment of land requisition compensation standard, low standard and great flexibility. In the process of actual operation, the government's discretion is large; the restriction on the formulation of land property right in our country belongs to the state and the collective in our country, and the peasants have only the right to use but have no ownership, During the practice of population flow compensation, the land rights and interests of how to protect the flow of population have been set up, and the way of population migration and resettlement is not fully taken into account that China is in the situation of rapid marketization and rapid urbanization, and over paying attention to the settlement pattern of soil, resulting in the limited space of population flow development, resulting in two times. Population mobility, ignoring the loss of social capital in population movement, did not consider the compensation for social capital in the process of compensation for population movements.
With the development of economy and society, the scale and pressure of ecological population flow in China are increasing. At the same time to realize the harmonious development of economy, society and ecology, how to guide and protect the ecological population flow has become a hot issue in today's society. Different from the involuntary population flow in the project, the compensation subject of the ecological population flow is not clear, and the benefit is not clear. The object is also vague, which leads to a lot of defects in the compensation system of the ecological population flow in China. It is mainly reflected in the unclear principle of the compensation for the ecological population flow, the low compensation standard, the short period of compensation, the non standard compensation procedure and the lack of administrative remedy for the ecological population flow.
In order to improve the public policy of the floating population in our country and to guide and promote the orderly and rational flow of the population, we need to provide dynamic public service, realize the equalization of public service for floating population, solve the negative effects of the population flow, improve the effective combination of labor resources and other factors of production, and promote the regional economy. Coordinated development. In particular, there are several policies. (1) optimizing basic public services, optimizing public financial policies at all levels, optimizing public financial policies, solving the negative effects of floating population poverty and so on (2) optimizing the structure of financial expenditure, increasing the degree of expenditure, strengthening supervision and supervision to further improve the social security of floating population. A social security network of basic unity between urban and rural areas is established. (3) in view of the loss of public welfare and the lack of public service in the populated area of population flow, the rights and responsibilities of the central government and local governments at the involuntary population flow should be further clarified, and the power and responsibility should be clearly defined. On the premise of the leading position of public service, we should further strengthen and cultivate the power of non-governmental organizations and improve the mechanism of public service in the market. Through the rule of law government behavior, the hierarchical function supply, the contractual cooperation mechanism and the integrated service system construction, to alleviate the current public service of the voluntary population flow in our country. The supply capacity of public products in the supply process is insufficient, the quality of public services is not high, and the allocation of public resources is not equal, and the economic and social harmonious and healthy development will be promoted.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：財(cái)政部財(cái)政科學(xué)研究所
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D631.42

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