本文選題：天然氣　切入點(diǎn)：定價　出處：《天津財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：自從進(jìn)入工業(yè)化社會以來,為了追求經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速增長,發(fā)展工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì),人們對能源的消費(fèi)不斷增長,尤其是對高碳化石能源的過度使用,由此帶來了一系列全球性的環(huán)境問題,其中最主要的問題就是溫室氣體的排放導(dǎo)致的全球氣候變暖。近幾年,我國出現(xiàn)大范圍的霧霾天氣,尤其是京津地區(qū)、河北、江浙一帶,給人們的生活造成嚴(yán)重影響,就連呼吸新鮮空氣的權(quán)利都被剝奪。這些環(huán)境問題都是由于在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過程中忽視了環(huán)境保護(hù)的重要性。要想改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量,還給世界藍(lán)天白云,就必須改善現(xiàn)有的能源消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu),提高清潔能源在一次能源消費(fèi)中的比例。眾所周知,天然氣是一種清潔環(huán)保能源?具有高熱值、低排放、低污染的特點(diǎn),具有石油、煤炭等替代能源不可替代的優(yōu)勢,所以各國越來越重視天然氣在各領(lǐng)域的使用。我國目前正處于天然氣行業(yè)的大發(fā)展時期,但是傳統(tǒng)的天然氣定價機(jī)制卻顯現(xiàn)出越來越多的弊端。上游井口價、中游管道運(yùn)輸價由國家發(fā)改委制定,城市配氣費(fèi)由地方物價局制定,仍然屬于壟斷性定價,缺乏市場競爭性。所采用的定價方法是成本加成定價法,即根據(jù)企業(yè)上報(bào)的成本加上一定比例的利潤,雖然該方法在我國天然氣工業(yè)發(fā)展的初級階段起到過一定的積極作用,促進(jìn)了我國天然氣消費(fèi)。但現(xiàn)階段,由于天然氣價格偏低,尤其是進(jìn)口天然氣價格出現(xiàn)價格倒掛的現(xiàn)象,導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)企業(yè)盈利減少甚至出現(xiàn)虧損,近幾年我國天然氣供應(yīng)趨緊。另一方面,低價導(dǎo)致天然氣消費(fèi)的迅速攀升,在某些領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)了盲目消費(fèi)的現(xiàn)象,天然氣資源沒有得到合理利用。本文運(yùn)用文獻(xiàn)綜述法、比較分析法、因素分析法、經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)法、統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查與分析方法等方法,介紹了世界主要的天然氣定價理論及定價方法,分析了我國天然氣市場的供求現(xiàn)狀,列出了影響我國天然氣定價的因素；進(jìn)而介紹了我國現(xiàn)行的天然氣定價機(jī)制,并對我國現(xiàn)行的天然氣定價機(jī)制存在的問題進(jìn)行了歸納；然后通過分析世界主要天然氣市場定價機(jī)制的演變過程,總結(jié)出一般規(guī)律；最后結(jié)合我國天然氣市場的實(shí)際情況,為我國最終建立競爭性的天然氣市場,理順天然氣價格機(jī)制提出了相關(guān)建議。但鑒于時間和工作量的問題,未對具體的天然氣市場進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步研究。為推動我國天然氣合理定價機(jī)制的形成,后續(xù)研究可以選取某個或多個成熟的天然氣市場深入研究價格形成機(jī)制,并結(jié)合我國不同區(qū)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)特點(diǎn),提出更加具體的天然氣價格指導(dǎo)建議。
[Abstract]:Since entering the industrialized society, in order to pursue the rapid economic growth and develop the industrial economy, people's consumption of energy has been increasing, especially the excessive use of high-carbon fossil energy, which has brought a series of global environmental problems. Among them, the most important problem is the global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. In recent years, there have been extensive haze weather in China, especially in the areas of Beijing and Tianjin, Hebei, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, which have had a serious impact on people's lives. Even the right to breathe fresh air is denied. These environmental problems are due to the neglect of the importance of environmental protection in the course of economic development. It is necessary to improve the existing energy consumption structure and increase the proportion of clean energy in primary energy consumption. As we all know, natural gas is a clean and environmentally friendly energy? With the characteristics of high calorific value, low emission, low pollution and irreplaceable advantages of alternative energy sources such as oil and coal, many countries pay more and more attention to the use of natural gas in various fields. China is now in the period of great development of natural gas industry. However, the traditional pricing mechanism of natural gas shows more and more disadvantages. The upstream wellhead price, the pipeline transportation price in the middle reaches are set by the National Development and Reform Commission, and the city gas distribution fee is set by the local price bureau, which still belongs to monopoly pricing. Lack of market competition. The pricing method is cost plus pricing, that is, according to the cost reported by enterprises plus a certain proportion of profits, although this method has played a positive role in the initial stage of the development of natural gas industry in China. This has promoted natural gas consumption in China. However, at this stage, because the natural gas price is on the low side, especially the phenomenon that the price of imported natural gas is upside down, the profits of the production enterprises are reduced or even losses occur. In recent years, the natural gas supply in our country has become tight. On the other hand, the low price leads to the rapid increase of natural gas consumption, which leads to the phenomenon of blind consumption in some fields, and the natural gas resources are not used reasonably. The methods of comparative analysis, factor analysis, experience summary, statistical investigation and analysis are introduced in this paper. The main pricing theories and pricing methods of natural gas in the world are introduced, and the present situation of supply and demand of natural gas market in China is analyzed. This paper lists the factors influencing the pricing of natural gas in China, then introduces the current pricing mechanism of natural gas in China, and summarizes the problems existing in the current pricing mechanism of natural gas in China. Then, by analyzing the evolution process of the pricing mechanism of the world's main natural gas market, the general law is summarized. Finally, combining with the actual situation of the natural gas market in China, the competitive natural gas market is established for our country. In order to promote the formation of a reasonable pricing mechanism of natural gas in China, some suggestions are put forward for straightening out the price mechanism of natural gas. However, in view of the time and workload, no further study has been carried out on the specific natural gas market. The further study can select one or more mature natural gas markets to study the price formation mechanism in depth, and put forward more specific suggestions on the price guidance of natural gas according to the economic characteristics of different regions in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F426.22

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