宋代“富民”階層研究
本文關(guān)鍵詞:宋代“富民”階層研究 出處:《延安大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文 論文類型:學(xué)位論文
更多相關(guān)文章: 宋代 富民 階層 鄉(xiāng)村社會(huì)
【摘要】:“富民”階層是在唐宋之際開始崛起,并發(fā)展起來。在宋代由于商品經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速以及國(guó)家政策的調(diào)整,富民作為一個(gè)階層穩(wěn)定下來,他們不僅在鄉(xiāng)村教育、農(nóng)田水利和賑濟(jì)災(zāi)民中發(fā)揮著巨大作用,同時(shí)對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展以及基層倫理道德建設(shè)也有突出貢獻(xiàn)。但由于他們是占有大量財(cái)富的民,與國(guó)家必然存在著利益沖突,國(guó)家在利用他們手中財(cái)富維護(hù)社會(huì)治安的同時(shí),又對(duì)他們的財(cái)產(chǎn)進(jìn)行著侵奪,富民在這個(gè)過程中與國(guó)家關(guān)系很復(fù)雜,因?yàn)樗麄兗刃枰獓?guó)家來維護(hù)自身經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,又要抵抗國(guó)家對(duì)他們財(cái)富的侵奪。本文旨在對(duì)宋代“富民”階層與國(guó)家之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行全面且系統(tǒng)的闡釋,文章共分為五部分。第一部分為引言,首先論述當(dāng)前學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)“富民”階層的研究現(xiàn)狀。其次是文章的選題意義,即“富民”階層對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村的治理有著重要作用,研究他們可以使我們更好地聯(lián)系社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。最后,從整體上對(duì)“富民”階層進(jìn)行界定,指出由于區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展不平衡,在其界定時(shí)不能一概而論。第二部主要論述“富民”階層在宋代發(fā)展的原因,由于宋代商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,財(cái)富力量的崛起,以及重本抑末思想的轉(zhuǎn)變,都促進(jìn)了“富民”階層發(fā)展。第三部分主要論述的是“富民”階層在宋代社會(huì)發(fā)揮的作用,他們?cè)诖龠M(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村教育、農(nóng)田水利發(fā)展的同時(shí),對(duì)地方的賑濟(jì)以及鄉(xiāng)村基層倫理道德建設(shè)做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn),保障了基層社會(huì)的安定。但借貸經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村的發(fā)展卻有雙重影響,它一方面保證了鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的再生產(chǎn),另一方面由于部分富民向貧民收取高額的利息,對(duì)其生活造成消極的影響。第四部分重點(diǎn)論述“富民”階層與政府的關(guān)系,富民與各級(jí)政府之間有經(jīng)濟(jì)沖突也有利益合作。一方面,國(guó)家向富民征收大量的賦稅,且在制定政策的過程中也會(huì)損害富民的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。另一方面,國(guó)家通過富民有效地治理鄉(xiāng)村,因此士大夫們希望國(guó)家能夠保障富民的利益。同時(shí)文章也論述了富民與地方鄉(xiāng)官及鄉(xiāng)村胥吏之間的關(guān)系。第五部分,簡(jiǎn)單論述了“富民”階層在后世的發(fā)展情況。第六部分是對(duì)文章整體進(jìn)行總結(jié),認(rèn)為富民階層在宋代有著重大影響。首先,論述了富民階層在與各階層交往中存在雙重性。其次,總體論述了富民對(duì)宋代社會(huì)所造成的影響。最后,從富民與國(guó)家的關(guān)系出發(fā),論述了富民在與國(guó)家的較量中能保持其地位,主要是由于“富民”階層的流動(dòng)性以及國(guó)家政策的不斷調(diào)整。富民與國(guó)家之間存在著矛盾,作為富民而言,沒有地位和特權(quán),但他們可以依靠財(cái)富來為自己創(chuàng)造條件,恰好財(cái)富是統(tǒng)治者所需要的,因此兩者在博弈的過程中,各取所需。但富民在這個(gè)過程中處于劣勢(shì),國(guó)家可以利用特權(quán)對(duì)其剝削和壓迫。無論如何,在宋代富民階層作為社會(huì)的中間層,是不可忽視的存在,對(duì)社會(huì)生活的方方面面都有著重要的影響。
[Abstract]:During the Song Dynasty, because of the rapid development of commodity economy and the adjustment of national policy, the rich people as a stratum stabilized, they not only in rural education. Irrigation and water conservancy and relief in the disaster victims play a great role in the development of rural economy and the construction of grass-roots ethics but they are people who have a lot of wealth. There must be a conflict of interest with the state. The state uses their wealth to maintain public order, and at the same time invades their property. In this process, the relationship between the rich and the state is very complex. Because they need the country to protect their own economic interests, but also to resist the invasion of their wealth by the state. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive and systematic explanation of the relationship between the "rich people" class and the state in the Song Dynasty. The article is divided into five parts. The first part is the introduction. Firstly, it discusses the current research status of the "rich people" stratum in academic circles. Secondly, it is the significance of the selected topic, that is, "rich people" stratum plays an important role in the governance of the countryside. The study of them can make us better contact with the social reality. Finally, we define the class of "rich people" as a whole and point out that the regional economic development is not balanced. The second part mainly discusses the reasons for the development of "rich people" class in the Song Dynasty, because of the development of commodity economy, the rise of wealth power, and the change of the thought of rebalancing the original and restraining the end. The third part mainly discusses the role of "rich people" in the society of Song Dynasty, they promote rural education, the development of irrigation and water conservancy at the same time. It has made great contributions to the local relief and the construction of rural grassroots ethics and morality, and has ensured the stability of the grass-roots society. However, the lending economy has a dual impact on the development of rural areas. On the one hand, it guarantees the reproduction of rural economy, on the other hand, because some rich people collect high interest from the poor, it has a negative impact on their life. Part 4th focuses on the relationship between the "rich people" stratum and the government. There is economic conflict and benefit cooperation between rich people and governments at all levels. On the one hand, the state levies a large amount of taxes on the rich people, and in the process of making policies, it also harms the economic interests of the rich people. The country governs the village effectively through the rich people, so the literati and officials hope that the country can guarantee the interests of the rich people. At the same time, the article also discusses the relationship between the rich people and the local township officials and the village petty officials. Part 5th. The 6th part is a summary of the article as a whole, and thinks that the rich people class has a great influence in the Song Dynasty. First of all. It discusses the duality of the rich people stratum in the communication with each stratum. Secondly, it discusses the influence of the rich people on the society of the Song Dynasty. Finally, it starts from the relationship between the rich people and the country. This paper discusses that the rich people can maintain their position in the contest with the country, mainly because of the mobility of the "rich people" stratum and the constant adjustment of the national policy. There is no status and privilege, but they can rely on wealth to create conditions for themselves, it happens that wealth is what the rulers need, so in the process of the game, the two get what they need, but rich people in this process is at a disadvantage. The state can exploit and oppress it by taking advantage of its privileges. However, in the Song Dynasty, as the middle stratum of the society, the rich people stratum is the existence which can not be ignored and has an important influence on all aspects of the social life.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:延安大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2017
【分類號(hào)】:K244
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