利益主體視角下的古村落旅游經(jīng)營模式探討
本文關(guān)鍵詞：利益主體視角下的古村落旅游經(jīng)營模式探討，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
利益主體視角下的古村落旅游經(jīng)營模式探討
利益主體視角下的古村落旅游經(jīng)營模式探討
古村落旅游作為遺產(chǎn)旅游和鄉(xiāng)村文化旅游的一種重要類型,一直被看成是推動(dòng)古村落文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和農(nóng)村社區(qū)發(fā)展的有效手段。在新時(shí)期,對(duì)我國古村落旅游地經(jīng)營模式進(jìn)行探索,如何盡可能的考慮利益相關(guān)者的訴求,是當(dāng)前在我國古村落旅游地構(gòu)建人與自然和諧、人與人之間和諧社會(huì)的一個(gè)重要命題。因此,從利益相關(guān)者角度來探討中國古村落旅游經(jīng)營模式是一個(gè)兼具現(xiàn)實(shí)背景和理論意 義的課題。產(chǎn)權(quán)理論、公共物品理論和社區(qū)參與理論能夠解釋古村落旅游開發(fā)中的一些重要不足。由于古村落旅游資源的特殊性,在產(chǎn)權(quán)界定上邊界不清晰,這給古村落文物的保護(hù)、旅游資源的市場化經(jīng)營都造成了困難。古村落旅游開發(fā)中存在大量的公共物品,這些公共物品主要由政府來提供、一些可以通過企業(yè)來提供、也有一些需要社會(huì)各界來共同經(jīng)營和維護(hù)。但是由于政府財(cái)政不足、企業(yè)缺乏實(shí)力和提供公共物品的動(dòng)力,往往會(huì)產(chǎn)生公共物品供給主體缺位。同時(shí)古村落旅游資源的非競爭性容易導(dǎo)致過度開發(fā)和使用,外部性不足要求規(guī)范企業(yè)的經(jīng)營行為并對(duì)社區(qū)建立合理的補(bǔ)償機(jī)制。社區(qū)參與理論強(qiáng)調(diào)了古村落社區(qū)居民在旅游開發(fā)中的重要地位。古村落旅游地的管理體制中涉及到眾多的利益相關(guān)者,他們共同決定和影響著當(dāng)?shù)毓糯迓浔Ｗo(hù)和旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的方向。從旅游開發(fā)和經(jīng)營的角度來看,地方政府、外來企業(yè)和當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)在這些利益相關(guān)者中間處于關(guān)鍵地位。這三者在古村落旅游地中的地位、作用和職能各不相同,但是由于當(dāng)前古村落的旅游經(jīng)營管理體制并不完善,使這些主體在參與旅游開發(fā)過程中的發(fā)生角色錯(cuò)位,相互之間矛盾重重。通過尋找各利益主體間共同的目標(biāo),建立利益協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制,處理好三者之間的關(guān)系將成為古村落旅游地可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究的重要方面。在我國古村落旅游景區(qū)開發(fā)中,一般采用的經(jīng)營模式有政府投資經(jīng)營、企業(yè)租賃經(jīng)營、個(gè)人承包經(jīng)營和村民集體經(jīng)營四種。本文對(duì)這四種模式的特點(diǎn)、適用范圍和優(yōu)劣勢進(jìn)行了概括性的評(píng)價(jià)。在這四種經(jīng)營模式中,企業(yè)租賃經(jīng)營和村民集體經(jīng)營兩種模式比較常見,安徽的宏村和西遞就是這兩種模式的典型代表,通過對(duì)兩地旅游開發(fā)歷程和近況的比較研究,對(duì)這兩種模式進(jìn)行了綜合評(píng)價(jià)。本文提出:由于產(chǎn)權(quán)不明晰、利益協(xié)調(diào)不足、公共物品生產(chǎn)需求和社區(qū)參與要求等理由,村民集體經(jīng)營模式在很多方面相比與其他幾種經(jīng)營模式更具優(yōu)勢,更符合我國現(xiàn)階段古村落旅游地的實(shí)際情況。本文的主要結(jié)論有:產(chǎn)權(quán)明晰是古村落旅游資源有效保護(hù)和合理經(jīng)營的前提;利益相關(guān)者關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)是古村落旅游地管理和經(jīng)營中的難點(diǎn);村民集體經(jīng)營是現(xiàn)階段古村落旅游地經(jīng)營模式的最優(yōu)選擇。
【Abstract】 Ancient-village tourism, as an important type of heritage tourism and rural tourism, is usually seen as effective means to promote the protection of ancient-village cultural heritage and development of rural community. In the new period, discussing on the operating model of ancient-village, and giving consideration to more parties of interest, is an important proposition of building a harmonious society between human and nature, and human themselves in ancient villages of China. Therefore, it’s important issue with both practical background and theoretical significance to discuss the operating model of ancient-village tourism from the perspective of stakeholders.Theories, such as property rights, public goods and community participation can be used to explain some important issues in the development of ancient-village tourism. Since the specialty of ancient-village tourism resource, the border of property rights is not clearly defined, which make the protection of ancient-village heritage and the marketing management of tourism resource more difficult. There are a large number of public goods during the development of ancient-village tourism, which mainly provided by the government, some can be provided by company and some need common operation and maintainment of other sectors of the society. However, because the shortage of financial resources of government, the lack of strength and dynamic of the company to provide the public goods, the supply subject of the public goods is often absent. Meanwhile, the non-competitive of the ancient-village tourism resources easily lead to the excessive development and use of them, external issues require the company to norm their operational behavior and build a reasonable compensation mechanism to the community. Community participation theory emphasize the important status of the community during the development of the ancient-village tourism.The tourism management system of ancient village involves many stakeholders, who jointly determine and influence the local protection of ancient village and the detection of tourism. From perspective of the development and management of tourism, local government, external company and local community are in key position during these stakeholders. Their status, roles and functions in tourism are quiet different, but for the imperfectness of the current tourism management system, those involved usually play wrong roles in the process of tourism development and have full of contradiction between them. Establishing the mechanism for coordination of interests by finding their common target and properly handling the relationship between these subjects will become the important aspects of the sustainable development of ancient-village tourism.When develop the ancient village in our country, there are four operating models usually adopted, which are government investment, corporate leasing, individual contracting and villager collective operation. The paper gives a general assessment to the advantages and disadvantages of these four models. Of these four models, company leasing and villager collective operation are more common, Hong Cun and Xi Di are the typical examples. Through comparing the tourism developing history and status of the two villages, it gives a comprehensive evaluation of the two models. Due to reason , such as the unclear property rights, problem of interest coordination, demand for the public goods production and community participation require, villager collective operation model have more advantages than other models in many aspects, and more consistent with current status in ancient villages.The main conclusions are: defining property rights is the prerequisite of the reasonable protection and effective operating of the ancient-village tourism resource; Interests coordination between stakeholders is the difficulty of the managing and operating ancient-village tourism; Villager collective operation is the best option of all the ancient-village tourism operation at this stage.
【關(guān)鍵詞】 古村落旅游； 經(jīng)營模式； 利益相關(guān)者； 社區(qū)參與；【Key words】 Ancient-village tourism； Operation mode； Stakeholders； Community Participation；
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本文關(guān)鍵詞：利益主體視角下的古村落旅游經(jīng)營模式探討，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
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