本文選題：福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) + 功利主義�。� 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：我的論文是對(duì)內(nèi)生人口情形下福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的綜述文章。經(jīng)典福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)把人口集合看作外生的。但很多政策選擇都涉及內(nèi)生人中變遷的福利比較,比如生育政策、移民政策。經(jīng)典福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)在這種情形下作用很小。還有很多政策決定會(huì)影響未來(lái)人的福利。比如我們處理氣候變化的方式不只影響我們的生活,也和未米世代的生活有關(guān)。而像三峽大壩這樣的大型工程會(huì)改變未來(lái)人生活的環(huán)境。傳統(tǒng)上對(duì)這方面進(jìn)行福利分析時(shí)會(huì)武斷地給出一個(gè)社會(huì)福利函數(shù)。但實(shí)際上未來(lái)人口的出生是內(nèi)生的。為了尋求新的考慮未來(lái)人口福利的方法,我們轉(zhuǎn)向內(nèi)生人口福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的最新發(fā)展。 傳統(tǒng)的固定人口集合上的社會(huì)選擇叫做相同人員選擇(same people choice)。人口集合不同但人口規(guī)模固定的選擇叫做相同數(shù)目選擇(same number choice)。涉及變化的人口規(guī)模的選擇叫做不同數(shù)目選擇(different number choice)。經(jīng)典福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)只處理相同人員選擇。所以需要找到能在相同數(shù)目選擇尤其是不同數(shù)目選擇中應(yīng)用的新的比較福利的方法。論文首先給出了一個(gè)基本的福利比較的跨期模型,并回顧了經(jīng)典的外生人口福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。經(jīng)典福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中主要有兩種方法：社會(huì)選擇方法和帕累托有效方法。后者分離出帕累托前沿,前者決定前沿上的最優(yōu)狀態(tài)。社會(huì)選擇方法經(jīng)常和社會(huì)福利函數(shù)結(jié)合使用。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的兩種社會(huì)福利函數(shù)分別是功利主義社會(huì)福利函數(shù)和羅爾斯主義社會(huì)福利函數(shù)。 不同數(shù)目選擇的中心問(wèn)題是個(gè)人福利和人口規(guī)模之間的平衡。為了理解這個(gè)平衡是什么意思,我們從這個(gè)問(wèn)題開(kāi)始：往社會(huì)中加入一個(gè)人同時(shí)保持其他人的福利都不受影響,這個(gè)過(guò)程怎么影響社會(huì)福利?這個(gè)過(guò)程被稱為“純加(mere addition)"。帕累托加成原則(Pareto plus principle)說(shuō),如果這個(gè)人的效用大于零,那么增加這個(gè)人就對(duì)社會(huì)有利。然后可以重新安排效用讓所有人的效用樣。我們可以相信社會(huì)福利增加了因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)變得更加平等了。如果傳遞性成立,那么現(xiàn)在這個(gè)社會(huì)就比初始狀態(tài)好。重復(fù)以上過(guò)程,我們就可以得到這樣一個(gè)社會(huì)狀態(tài)：相比初始狀態(tài),其中活著的人更多,但每個(gè)人的效用都低了很多。從以上的論證得知,這個(gè)狀態(tài)比初始狀態(tài)好。但大多數(shù)人不會(huì)同意這個(gè)觀點(diǎn),因?yàn)橐话闳瞬粫?huì)偏好大規(guī)模貧困。哲學(xué)家Parfit把這個(gè)悖論叫做“純加悖論(mere addition paradox)"。然后,認(rèn)為有很多人生活在很糟糕的境地下的狀態(tài)是社會(huì)所偏好的——這個(gè)結(jié)論被他取名叫“讓人討厭的結(jié)論(the repugnant conclusion)"。很容易看出讓人討厭的結(jié)論可以由經(jīng)典功利主義推出。所以經(jīng)典功利主義不應(yīng)該應(yīng)用于不同數(shù)目選擇。 在Parfit的著作發(fā)表后,很多學(xué)者研究怎么避免讓人討厭的結(jié)論。很多解決方案集中在重新評(píng)估純加的福利變化上。這意味著帕累托加成原則要被修正，一個(gè)吸引了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家注意的修正方案是關(guān)鍵水平原則。它認(rèn)為只有一個(gè)人的效用超過(guò)一個(gè)被稱作關(guān)鍵水平(critical level)的門(mén)檻時(shí)，他才應(yīng)該被加到社會(huì)里。這個(gè)原則把私人價(jià)值和社會(huì)價(jià)值區(qū)分開(kāi),并提供了一個(gè)解決讓人討厭的結(jié)論的好辦法。相應(yīng)地總效用原則也由經(jīng)典功利主義變成了所謂的關(guān)鍵水平功利主義,每個(gè)人的價(jià)值由他自己的效用變成了他自己效用減去關(guān)鍵水平。我的論義將會(huì)介紹怎么通過(guò)社會(huì)選擇方法在一個(gè)跨期框架中推導(dǎo)出關(guān)鍵水平功利主義。關(guān)于歷史的公理在其中起了重要作用。不同數(shù)目選擇下社會(huì)福利函數(shù)存在性的證明也在綜述之列。 內(nèi)生人口變遷的一個(gè)特例的內(nèi)生生育。內(nèi)生生育意味著，，人們?cè)诤跛麄冏优臄?shù)目和福利,并決定子女的數(shù)目和給子女的遺產(chǎn)。對(duì)內(nèi)生生育的研究很繁榮,而對(duì)此的福利分析則相對(duì)滯后。因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的帕累托有效概念只能應(yīng)同于固定人口集合的相同人口選抒。最近有三篇論文嘗試把帕累托有效概念擴(kuò)展到內(nèi)生人口變遷的情形。它們都用了有內(nèi)生生育的OLG框架,都證明了各自版本的第一福利定理。其中兩篇論文只處理對(duì)稱情形,而另一篇論文——Golosov、Jones和Tertilt的《efficiency with endogenous population growth》(內(nèi)生人口增長(zhǎng)的效率)提供了一個(gè)很一般的框架。這篇論文定義了兩個(gè)新概念。一個(gè)是把所有潛在人口對(duì)稱處理的P有效,另一個(gè)是只關(guān)心實(shí)際出生人口的A有效�？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)框架的設(shè)定來(lái)確保生育水平最高的配置不是唯一的有效配置，這樣就避免了讓人討厭的結(jié)論。這篇論文證明了：如果一個(gè)配置在每個(gè)家族內(nèi)都有效并且沒(méi)有家族間外部性,那么這個(gè)配置就是有效率的。這樣作者區(qū)分了兩個(gè)無(wú)效性的來(lái)源：家族內(nèi)無(wú)效和家族間外部性 在綜述了內(nèi)生人口福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之后,可以得出結(jié)論,這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)展給出了一些有趣的結(jié)果。可以把關(guān)鍵水平功利主義和效率的概念結(jié)合起來(lái)評(píng)估福利。但也可以看到,這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的研究還很不允分,留下了很多供未來(lái)研究的空間。比如,所有這些文獻(xiàn)都沒(méi)有考慮不確定性。信息問(wèn)題也被忽略了。在內(nèi)生人口情形中引入不完全信息會(huì)給機(jī)制設(shè)計(jì)理論帶來(lái)新的課題。還可以作結(jié)論說(shuō),現(xiàn)有的福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)還沒(méi)有找到一個(gè)處理未來(lái)人福利的完美方式。這要留給未來(lái)的研究者。
[Abstract]:My paper is a summary of the welfare economics of the endogenetic population. The classic welfare economics regards the population set as exogenous. But many policy options involve the welfare comparison of the endogenous people, such as the birth policy, the immigration policy. The classic welfare economics has little effect on this situation. There are many policy decisions. It affects the welfare of future people. For example, our way of dealing with climate change is not only affecting our lives, but also about the lives of unrice generations. And large projects like the Three Gorges Dam will change the environment for future human life. The birth of the population is endogenetic. In order to find new ways to consider the future population welfare, we turn to the latest development of endogenous population welfare economics.
The social selection on the traditional set of fixed population is called the same same people choice. The selection of population sets is different but the size of the population is called the same number selection (same number choice). The selection of the population size involving the change is called the different number selection (different number choice). The classic welfare economics only deals with the choice of population. The same people choose. So we need to find a new method of comparative benefits that can be applied in the same number of choices, especially in different number choices. First, the paper gives a basic cross term model of welfare comparison, and reviews the classical exogenous population welfare economics. There are two main methods in the classic Welfare Economics: social selection. The choice method and Pareto effective method. The latter separates the Pareto frontier, the former determines the optimal state on the frontier. The social selection method is often used in combination with the social welfare function. The two social welfare functions often appear in the economic literature are utilitarian social welfare functions and Rawls's social welfare functions.
The central problem of different number selection is the balance between personal welfare and population size. In order to understand what this balance means, we start from this question: adding a person to the society at the same time keeping others' welfare unaffected, how does the process affect social welfare? This process is called "mere addi" "Tion)." the Pareto addition principle (Pareto plus principle) says that if the man's utility is greater than zero, it will be beneficial to the society. Then we can rearrange the utility to make all the people's utility. We can believe that social welfare has increased because society is becoming more equal. If transitivity is established, then this is now Society is better than the initial state. Repeating the process, we can get a social state that is more alive than the initial state, but the utility of everyone is much lower. From the argument above, this state is better than the initial state. But most people do not agree with this view, because the average person does not prefer. Large scale poverty. The philosopher Parfit called the paradox "mere addition paradox". Then, it is thought that a lot of people live in a very bad state that is what society prefers - the conclusion is called "the repugnant conclusion". It is easy to see the disagreeable conclusion. It can be launched by classic utilitarianism, so classical utilitarianism should not be applied to different numbers of choices.
After the publication of Parfit's work, many scholars have studied how to avoid disagreeable conclusions. Many solutions focus on reassessing the benefits of pure plus. This means that the Pareto plus principle is revised, and an amendment that attracts economists' attention is the key water plain. It thinks that only one person is more effective than one. When a threshold is called the critical level, he should be added to the society. This principle separates private values from social values and provides a good way to solve disagreeable conclusions. The principle of general utility is also transformed from classic utilitarianism into so-called key level utilitarianism, everyone. The value of his own utility has become the key level of his own utility. I will introduce how to derive key level utilitarianism in a cross term framework through social selection. The axiom of history plays an important role. A summary of the summary.
A special case of endogenous birth. Endogenous birth means that people care about the number and welfare of their children, and determine the number of children and the inheritance of their children. The study of endogenous birth is prosperous and the welfare analysis of this is relatively lagging. The traditional Pareto concept of effectiveness can only be equal to the fixed population. The same population selection is expressed. Three recent papers have attempted to extend the Pareto effective concept to the situation of endogenous population changes. They both use the OLG framework with endogenous birth, all of which prove the first welfare theorem in their respective versions. Two of them only deal with the symmetry situation, and the other paper, the (the efficiency of endogenous population growth) provides a very general framework. This paper defines two new concepts. One is the effective P of all the potential population, and the other is the A that is only concerned with the actual birth population. It can ensure the highest fertility level by the framework of the framework. The configuration is efficient. The author distinguishes two sources of inefficiency: inefficiency in family and interfamily externalities, this paper proves that if a configuration is effective in every family and has no inter family externalities, the author distinguishes two sources of inefficiency: inefficiency in the family and the externality of the family.
After an overview of the economics of endogenous population welfare, it can be concluded that the progress in this field gives some interesting results. It can combine the concept of key level utilitarianism and efficiency to assess welfare. But it can also be seen that the research in this field is still very unacceptable and leaves a lot of space for future research. For example, There is no uncertainty in the literature. The information problem has been ignored. The introduction of incomplete information in the population of the endogenetic population will bring new topics to the mechanism design theory. It can be concluded that the existing welfare economics has not yet found a perfect way to deal with the welfare of the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：F061.4;C923

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6 記者 孫杰;我國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值將突破萬(wàn)億美元[N];新華每日電訊;2000年

7 本報(bào)評(píng)論員;創(chuàng)新激發(fā)內(nèi)生力[N];鄂爾多斯日?qǐng)?bào);2010年

8 清華大學(xué)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究中心主任 蔡繼明;加快由資源輸出向內(nèi)生發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)變[N];中國(guó)企業(yè)報(bào);2010年

9 記者 王建生、湯水富;我國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值列第七[N];人民日?qǐng)?bào);2001年

10 本報(bào)記者 余U

本文編號(hào)：2061977

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