本文選題：自然資源 + 價(jià)值　； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2004年博士論文

【摘要】：自然資源價(jià)值及其補(bǔ)償問(wèn)題是經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論的重要組成部分。目前，研究資源和環(huán)境問(wèn)題的學(xué)者多是從生態(tài)學(xué)、環(huán)境學(xué)、物資學(xué)或宏觀政策方面著手，而運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究方法，從價(jià)值運(yùn)動(dòng)的角度尋找解決資源環(huán)境問(wèn)題的自動(dòng)運(yùn)行機(jī)制的則不多見(jiàn)，有的也是剛剛起步，還遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有形成一個(gè)清晰的、完整的理論體系。本文在研究哲學(xué)意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)意義上的價(jià)值本質(zhì)特征的基礎(chǔ)上，從生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用、效用及其相互關(guān)系的角度，重新界定價(jià)值的本質(zhì)和內(nèi)涵，深入研究自然資源價(jià)值的特點(diǎn)、構(gòu)成和量定問(wèn)題，構(gòu)建自然資源價(jià)值計(jì)量模型和補(bǔ)償模型，分析再生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和國(guó)際貿(mào)易過(guò)程中的自然資源價(jià)值補(bǔ)償問(wèn)題。其目的，是在道德規(guī)范、法律干預(yù)和政府行政命令之外尋找一種有效的經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)制和利益杠桿，約束和調(diào)整所有者、生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者的經(jīng)濟(jì)行為，實(shí)現(xiàn)自然資源的高效配置和良性循環(huán)，減少和防止經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過(guò)程中存在的資源浪費(fèi)和環(huán)境破壞問(wèn)題。 在傳統(tǒng)的哲學(xué)范式中，價(jià)值的哲學(xué)本質(zhì)表現(xiàn)為以人類為中心的主客體相分離，把人和自然相對(duì)立。伴隨經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，資源稀缺問(wèn)題日益顯現(xiàn)。認(rèn)識(shí)自然資源價(jià)值問(wèn)題，就要從人與自然、人與人、自然與自然關(guān)系的不同層面來(lái)重新界定價(jià)值的本質(zhì)。價(jià)值的本質(zhì)是 “客體主體化”和“主體客體化”相結(jié)合的過(guò)程、結(jié)果及其程度。自然資源與人類活動(dòng)的相互作用，使自然資源本身被加工轉(zhuǎn)化為人化自然。對(duì)于人化自然的價(jià)值來(lái)說(shuō)，其實(shí)質(zhì)是主體客體化和客體主體化的統(tǒng)一。 從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的角度來(lái)說(shuō)，討論商品的價(jià)值，既要考慮其效用，也要考慮其生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用及二者之間的關(guān)系。從買方或需求方看，商品一方面意味著一 WP=180 種效用，另一方面也意味著一種代價(jià)；從賣者或供給方看，商品一方面意味著一種費(fèi)用，另一方面也意味著收益或預(yù)期收益。商品價(jià)值正是在交換關(guān)系中由買賣雙方的內(nèi)在規(guī)定性及其相互作用所形成的勞動(dòng)耗費(fèi)價(jià)值對(duì)效用價(jià)值的關(guān)系。勞動(dòng)耗費(fèi)價(jià)值和效用價(jià)值經(jīng)過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)化都可以歸結(jié)為勞動(dòng)時(shí)間。所以，從理論經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)角度來(lái)說(shuō)，價(jià)值是價(jià)值和使用價(jià)值的統(tǒng)一或效用與費(fèi)用關(guān)系的統(tǒng)一；從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)流派的繼承關(guān)系來(lái)說(shuō)，則是主觀價(jià)值論與客觀價(jià)值論的統(tǒng)一。 自然資源不論從哲學(xué)角度還是從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)角度都具有價(jià)值的本質(zhì)特征，自然資源不僅具有歷史性，而且還越來(lái)越顯現(xiàn)出“人化自然”的特點(diǎn)。自然資源的價(jià)值具有多樣性、時(shí)間性、整體性、空間性、社會(huì)性、延展性和負(fù)效益性等特征。 自然資源的生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用，一是人類認(rèn)識(shí)自然的勞動(dòng)耗費(fèi)。很多自然資源如礦產(chǎn)資源埋藏在地下或賦存于地表，在進(jìn)入社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)被人類利用之前，需要進(jìn)行研究和全面認(rèn)識(shí)，才能不斷弄清它的具體使用價(jià)值。人類在認(rèn)識(shí)自然資源的有用性、探測(cè)方法以及怎樣才能創(chuàng)造利用它的條件等方面，已經(jīng)付出了大量勞動(dòng)。這種認(rèn)識(shí)自然的前期勞動(dòng)耗費(fèi)應(yīng)構(gòu)成資源價(jià)值實(shí)體的組成部分。二是人類改造、利用自然資源的勞動(dòng)耗費(fèi)，如勘察、改造、采集、交通運(yùn)輸?shù)确矫娴馁M(fèi)用。三是人類保護(hù)自然資源的勞動(dòng)耗費(fèi)，包括維持自然資源數(shù)量和質(zhì)量以及消除經(jīng)濟(jì)外部性等方面的費(fèi)用。四是因?yàn)樗袡?quán)壟斷等原因人類必須分配于自然資源上的勞動(dòng)消耗。自然資源的效用包括經(jīng)濟(jì)效用、生態(tài)效用、社會(huì)效用、選擇效用、精神（文化）效用、存在效用等方面，這些效用可以轉(zhuǎn)化為替代成本、外部成本、機(jī)會(huì)成本、重置成本和代際（時(shí)間）成本，即將效用轉(zhuǎn)化為再生產(chǎn)某種效用或生產(chǎn)替代產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生相同效用的社會(huì)必要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)耗費(fèi)以及因得不到某種效用而產(chǎn)生的損失和耗費(fèi)來(lái)計(jì)算。自然資源價(jià)值的計(jì)量模型為： WP=181 其中：V為自然資源價(jià)值； 為效用綜合； 為生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用總和；r是自然資源豐度；α為彈性系數(shù)。自然資源的需求量為Qd，供給量為Qs，供給彈性系數(shù)為Es，需求彈性系數(shù)為Ed；i是貼現(xiàn)利率，t為自然資源開(kāi)采的年度。 自然資源的價(jià)值補(bǔ)償就是對(duì)人類生產(chǎn)生活中所造成的資源耗費(fèi)、生態(tài)破壞和環(huán)境污染等進(jìn)行恢復(fù)、彌補(bǔ)或替換的價(jià)值表現(xiàn)。自然資源價(jià)值補(bǔ)償不足是傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)模式的產(chǎn)物，其實(shí)質(zhì)是由于社會(huì)生產(chǎn)的價(jià)值運(yùn)動(dòng)中忽略了自然資源的投入和消耗，自然資源處于無(wú)價(jià)或低價(jià)狀態(tài)，即把自然資源這一重要的生產(chǎn)要素排斥于或部分地排斥于社會(huì)再生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的價(jià)值運(yùn)動(dòng)之外，造成價(jià)值構(gòu)成不完整，，產(chǎn)品交換之后獲得的貨幣量無(wú)法補(bǔ)償自然資源的物質(zhì)消耗和功能損失。自然資源價(jià)值補(bǔ)償?shù)膬?nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)是自然資源的全部?jī)r(jià)值。但對(duì)某種具體資源而言，要補(bǔ)償?shù)牟⒉皇瞧渚唧w形態(tài)，而主要是補(bǔ)償它的功能和效用。也就是說(shuō)，自然資源價(jià)值補(bǔ)償?shù)哪康氖侨祟惪梢岳^續(xù)以同樣的成本獲得等量的效用。論文還分析了簡(jiǎn)單再生產(chǎn)、擴(kuò)大再生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)以及開(kāi)放的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)條件下的自然資源價(jià)值補(bǔ)償問(wèn)題和自然資源價(jià)值補(bǔ)償對(duì)國(guó)民收入、再生產(chǎn)、對(duì)外貿(mào)易等方面的影響。 自然資源價(jià)值的實(shí)現(xiàn)和補(bǔ)償依賴于自然資源管理模式、產(chǎn)權(quán)制度和核算制度的改革和創(chuàng)新。在產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系上，要建立混合型、多樣化、有限制的高效產(chǎn)權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)，逐步引入私人所有權(quán)，形成多元化自然資源所有權(quán)體系并推進(jìn)自然資源使用權(quán)、經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)的進(jìn)一步市場(chǎng)化。在管理模式上，要突出政府在自然資源宏觀管理中宏觀社會(huì)管理者的地位和作用，構(gòu)建政府自然資源管理目標(biāo)體系。不斷完善資源稅征?
[Abstract]:The value of natural resources and its compensation is an important part of the theory of economic sustainable development. At present, many scholars who study resources and environmental problems begin with ecology, environmental science, material science or macro policy, and use the economic research methods to search for the automatic operation of the problem of resource and environment from the point of view of the value movement. On the basis of the study of the philosophical meaning and the essential characteristics of the value of economics, this paper redefines the essence and connotation of the value from the angle of production costs, utility and its relations, and deeply studies the price of natural resources. The characteristics, composition and determination of value, construction of the value measurement model and compensation model of natural resources, and the analysis of the compensation for the value of natural resources in the process of reproduction, economic growth and international trade. The purpose is to find an effective economic mechanism and benefit lever outside the moral norms, legal intervention and government administrative orders. Adjust the economic behavior of the owners, producers and consumers, realize the efficient allocation and virtuous cycle of natural resources, reduce and prevent the problems of resource waste and environmental damage in the process of economic development.
In the traditional philosophical paradigm, the philosophical essence of value is manifested by the separation of human centered subjective and objective body and the relative standing of man and nature. With economic development, the problem of resource scarcity is becoming increasingly apparent. To recognize the value of natural resources, we should redefine the value from the different levels of human and natural, human and natural and natural relations. The essence of value is the process of combination of "object subjectivity" and "subject objectification", the result and its degree. The interaction between natural resources and human activities makes natural resources be transformed into human nature by processing itself. For the value of human nature, its essence is the unity of the objectification of the main body and the subjection of the object.
From an economic point of view, the value of a commodity should be discussed both in terms of its utility and in the relationship between the cost of production and the relationship between the two.
WP=180
The utility, on the other hand, means a price; from the seller's or the supplier, the commodity means a cost on the one hand, the other means the income or the expected return. The value of the commodity is the relation of the value of labor to the utility value formed by the internal regulation and interaction of the buyers and sellers in the exchange relationship. The value and utility value of labor cost and utility value can be attributed to labor time. Therefore, from the perspective of theory and economics, value is the unity of value and use value, or the unity of the relationship between utility and cost; from the inheritance of economic schools, it is the unity of subjective axiology and objective axiology.
Natural resources have the essential characteristics of value from both philosophical and economic perspectives. Natural resources are not only historical, but also increasingly show the characteristics of "human nature". The value of natural resources is characterized by diversity, time, integrity, space, sociality, ductility and negative benefits.
A lot of natural resources, such as mineral resources buried in the ground or on the surface of the earth, need to be studied and fully understood before entering the social and economic cycle, in order to understand the useful value of the natural resources. Sex, detection methods, and how to create the conditions to make use of it have already paid a lot of labor. This early labor cost of understanding nature should constitute a component of the resource value entity. Two is the cost of human transformation and the use of natural resources, such as investigation, transformation, collection, transportation, and so on. Three is the human being. The cost of protecting natural resources, including the maintenance of the quantity and quality of natural resources, and the elimination of economic externalities. Four, because of the monopoly of ownership and other reasons, human beings must be allocated to the labor consumption of natural resources. The utility of natural resources includes economic utility, biological utility, social utility, choice utility, spirit (Culture). Utility, utility, etc., which can be converted into alternative costs, external costs, opportunity costs, replacement costs and intergenerational (time) costs, social necessary labor costs for the conversion of utility to the same utility or production replacement products, and losses and costs resulting from the lack of a certain utility. The calculation model of the value of natural resources is as follows:
WP=181
Among them: V is the value of natural resources; for utility synthesis; for the total cost of production; R is the abundance of natural resources; alpha is the elastic coefficient. The demand for natural resources is Qd, the supply is Qs, the supply elasticity coefficient is Es, the elastic coefficient of demand is Ed; I is the discount rate and t is the year of natural resource exploitation.
The compensation for the value of natural resources is the value performance of the recovery of resources, ecological destruction and environmental pollution, which is caused by the production and life of human beings. The lack of compensation for the value of natural resources is the product of the traditional economic growth model. The essence is that the investment of natural resources is ignored in the value movement of social production. In the state of entry and consumption, natural resources are in a state of priceless or low price, which excludes or partly excludes the important elements of natural resources from the value movement in the process of social reproduction, resulting in incomplete value composition. The amount of money acquired after the exchange of products can not compensate for the material consumption and functional loss of natural resources. The content of resource value compensation should be the full value of natural resources. But for certain specific resources, it is not the specific form to compensate for it, but mainly to compensate for its function and utility. In other words, the purpose of the compensation of natural resources is that human beings can continue to obtain equal amount of utility at the same cost. Simple reproduction, expansion of reproduction, economic growth and the value compensation of natural resources under the open economic system and the impact of the compensation of natural resources on national income, reproduction and foreign trade.
The realization and compensation of the value of natural resources depends on the mode of natural resource management, the reform and innovation of the property right system and accounting system. In the relation of property rights, it is necessary to establish a mixed, diversified, restrictive and efficient property right structure, gradually introduce private ownership, form a pluralistic self ownership system and promote the right to use natural resources, In the management mode, we should highlight the status and role of the government in macro management of natural resources, build the target system of government natural resources management, and constantly improve the resource tax levy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號(hào)】：F062.1

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