本文選題：招標(biāo)投標(biāo)　切入點：價格決定機制　出處：《西南財經(jīng)大學(xué)》2001年碩士論文

【摘要】： 20世紀(jì)下半葉以來，區(qū)域經(jīng)濟、經(jīng)濟一體化和貿(mào)易自由化成為世界經(jīng)濟的主要潮流。在這一背景下，招標(biāo)投標(biāo)這種源于200年前政府采購的交易方式，以其公開、公平、公正等特征在全球經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了越來越重要的作用�？v觀招標(biāo)投標(biāo)的發(fā)展，呈現(xiàn)出幾個明顯的趨勢：首先，招標(biāo)投標(biāo)已成為各國政府采購的主要手段。不論是經(jīng)濟發(fā)達國家還是發(fā)展中國家，政府采購對一國經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)生著直接影響；由于政府的開支來源于稅收，必須對納稅人負(fù)責(zé)、接受納稅人的監(jiān)督，因此透明和公正是進行采購的基本條件。也正因為如此世界貿(mào)易組織將招標(biāo)投標(biāo)作為政府采購的首選方式；其次，招標(biāo)投標(biāo)已成為國際金融組織監(jiān)督貸款實施的一種有效方法。以世界銀行為代表的國際金融組織在其半個世紀(jì)的發(fā)展中積累了較多經(jīng)驗，對世界經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展具有重要推動作用；第三，招標(biāo)投標(biāo)已成為一種國際貿(mào)易慣例。在貿(mào)易自由化的潮流中，各種貿(mào)易壁壘阻礙著貿(mào)易自由化的發(fā)展，而招標(biāo)投標(biāo)以其公開、公平、公正和組織性成為國際貿(mào)易的通行準(zhǔn)則。 招標(biāo)投標(biāo)之所以能在全球范圍內(nèi)廣泛應(yīng)用并發(fā)揮巨大作用，根本原因在于其具有優(yōu)化資源配置的功能。從現(xiàn)象上看，招標(biāo)投標(biāo)是一種交易行為。但是，為什么招標(biāo)投標(biāo)主體實施了這樣一種行為，就能決定一個高效率的均衡價格？這是因為，招標(biāo)投標(biāo)在本質(zhì)上是一項優(yōu)化資源配置的市場經(jīng)濟制度。 中國正在建立社會主義經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)上的法治社會，招標(biāo)投標(biāo)作為優(yōu)化資源配置的市場經(jīng)濟制度具有越來越重要的地位和作用。 從新制度經(jīng)濟學(xué)的角度，T·W·舒爾茨將制度定義為管束人們行為的一系列規(guī)則。即，制度通過提供一系列規(guī)則界定人們的選擇空間，約束人們之間的相互關(guān)系，從而減少環(huán)境中的不確定性，減少交易費用，保護產(chǎn)權(quán)，促進生產(chǎn)性活動。制度是公共物品，也是一種稀缺要素，具有如下功能：降低交易成本；為經(jīng)濟提供服務(wù)；為實現(xiàn)合作創(chuàng)造條件；提供激勵機制；制度創(chuàng)新有利于外部利益內(nèi)部化。在當(dāng)今經(jīng)WP=3濟一體化的世界里，當(dāng)資本、技術(shù)、勞動力、信息等能在世界范圍內(nèi)更自由流動時，為什么發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家的差距不僅沒有縮小，反而有擴大的趨勢呢？發(fā)達國家的人作為一個群體并不比中國人更勤勞、聰明或有道德，為什么其生產(chǎn)力更發(fā)達呢？這是因為技術(shù)可以轉(zhuǎn)移，資本可以轉(zhuǎn)移，勞動力也可以轉(zhuǎn)移，但是作為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的制度因素卻難以轉(zhuǎn)移，發(fā)展中國家不能強制性地照搬發(fā)達國家的某一制度，發(fā)展中國家與發(fā)達國家的差距主要是制度的差距。一國經(jīng)濟并不是生產(chǎn)要素的簡單疊加，土地、勞動力和資本、技術(shù)這些要素，有了制度才得以發(fā)揮功能。道義勸告固然重要，但不是促進人與人之間合作的根本手段。關(guān)鍵是招標(biāo)投標(biāo)等各種市場經(jīng)濟制度的完善使人與人之間的合作成為理性個人的最好利益選擇，促進了經(jīng)濟效率的提高。 招標(biāo)投標(biāo)在西方發(fā)達國家及其他一些發(fā)展中國家的應(yīng)用，充分體現(xiàn)了上述觀點。我國招標(biāo)投標(biāo)的實踐更是這一觀點的最佳詮釋。一方面，招標(biāo)投標(biāo)在我國短短二十多年的應(yīng)用，已產(chǎn)生了顯著效果，呈現(xiàn)出蓬勃生機；另一方面，與發(fā)達國家相比，我國招標(biāo)投標(biāo)優(yōu)化資源配置的作用還遠遠沒有充分發(fā)揮出來。諾思指出，，在沒有發(fā)生技術(shù)變化的情況下，通過制度創(chuàng)新亦能提高生產(chǎn)率和實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟增長。新制度經(jīng)濟學(xué)還提出一個很有價值的觀點，即在缺乏有效制度的領(lǐng)域或地區(qū)，或者一國處在新舊體制轉(zhuǎn)軌時期，此時此地制度效率是最高的。我國目前正處于社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制逐步完善的時期，招標(biāo)投標(biāo)作為一種市場經(jīng)濟制度應(yīng)該有廣闊的應(yīng)用空間。但是，為什么在理論上先進、在實踐上高效的招標(biāo)投標(biāo)制度在中國卻沒有充分（最大限度）發(fā)揮其優(yōu)化資源配置的作用呢？我們又該如何避免發(fā)生“淮南為桔，淮北為枳”的惡果呢？ 本文從新制度經(jīng)濟學(xué)理論出發(fā)，來探討招標(biāo)投標(biāo)制度。制度的形成是多次博弈的結(jié)果，即制度是N人博弈的均衡解。一個帕累托改進的制度，可以定義為一個增加了一切博弈參與人的主觀價值度量效用的均衡的行為模式。招標(biāo)投標(biāo)作為市場經(jīng)濟制度，也是博弈的結(jié)果。WP=4本文共分四章，在闡述招標(biāo)投標(biāo)制度的基本理論及優(yōu)越性，并介紹我國招標(biāo)投標(biāo)的歷史沿革、現(xiàn)狀及問題的基礎(chǔ)上，嘗試?yán)貌┺恼撚嘘P(guān)原理對我國招標(biāo)投標(biāo)價格決定機制進行分析；進而試圖在制度創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新方面對我國的招標(biāo)投標(biāo)提出一些建議。 本文第一章介紹招標(biāo)投標(biāo)的基本原理及其在國際上的應(yīng)用。 首先，介紹招標(biāo)投標(biāo)的概念；其次，介紹招標(biāo)投標(biāo)的適用范圍。包括主體范圍，標(biāo)的范圍和招標(biāo)限額；第三，介紹招標(biāo)投標(biāo)方式，如國際競爭性招標(biāo)和國內(nèi)競爭性招標(biāo)等公開招標(biāo)方式，以及邀請招標(biāo)等非公開方式。 通過對招標(biāo)投標(biāo)特點的歸納，說明招標(biāo)投標(biāo)價格決定機制的優(yōu)越性。 正因其優(yōu)越性，所以招標(biāo)投標(biāo)歷經(jīng)200年仍煥發(fā)蓬勃生機，并且在當(dāng)今國際上得到越來越廣泛的應(yīng)用。 然而，為什么在理論上先進、在實踐上高效的招標(biāo)投標(biāo)制度在中國卻沒有充分發(fā)揮優(yōu)化資源配置的作用呢？因此，第二章轉(zhuǎn)入對招標(biāo)投標(biāo)在我國的實踐進行分析。 在介紹我國招標(biāo)投標(biāo)制度歷史沿革的基礎(chǔ)上，重點分析我國招標(biāo)投標(biāo)制度的現(xiàn)狀及問題，即在制度上和技術(shù)
[Abstract]:Since the second half of the 20th century , regional economy , economic integration and trade liberalization have become the main trend of the world economy . In this background , the bidding and bidding have played a more and more important role in the global economic development .
As the government expenditure comes from tax , it must be the responsibility of the taxpayer and accept the supervision of the taxpayer , so the transparency and fairness are the basic conditions for the procurement .
Second , tender and tender have become an effective way to supervise loan implementation of international financial organizations . The international financial organizations represented by the World Bank have accumulated more experience in their half - century development , and have important impetus to the development of the world economy ;
Thirdly , bidding and bidding have become an international trade convention . In the trend of trade liberalization , various trade barriers hinder the development of trade liberalization , and the tender and tender offer the open , fair , impartial and organizational form of international trade .









The reason lies in that it has the function of optimizing the resource allocation . In view of the phenomenon , the bidding is a kind of transaction behavior . However , why the bidding and tender subject has implemented such a behavior can decide a high efficiency equilibrium price ? This is because the bidding and bidding is essentially a market economy system that optimizes the allocation of resources .









China is establishing the rule of law society on the basis of the socialist economy , and the tender and tender is playing an increasingly important role in the market economy system that optimizes the allocation of resources .









From the perspective of the new institutional economics , T 路 W 路 Schertz defines the system as a series of rules for people ' s behavior . Namely , the system defines the space of people by providing a series of rules , which restricts the mutual relationship among people , thus reducing the uncertainty in the environment , reducing transaction costs , protecting property rights and promoting productive activities . The system is public goods and a scarce element , which has the following functions : lower transaction cost ;
to provide services to the economy ;
Creating conditions for cooperation ;
Provide incentive mechanism ;
In the world of WP = 3 , when capital , technology , labor force , information and so on can flow more freely in the world , why the gap between developed and developing countries is not only reduced , but the gap between the developed countries and the developed countries is more developed ? This is because the technology can transfer , capital can be transferred , and the labor force can be transferred . However , as a basic means of cooperation between the developing countries and the developed countries , the key is that the perfection of various market economy systems , such as bidding and bidding , makes the cooperation between people and people a rational individual ' s best interests choice , and promotes the improvement of economic efficiency .









The application of tender and tender in western developed countries and some other developing countries fully reflects the above views . The practice of bidding and bidding in China is the best interpretation of this point of view . On the one hand , bidding and bidding have been applied in our country for more than 20 years , which has produced remarkable results , showing an vigor and vitality ;
On the other hand , compared with developed countries , the role of bidding and bidding optimization resource allocation in China is far from full play . It is pointed out that in the absence of technological change , the system innovation can improve productivity and realize economic growth .









This paper discusses the bidding and bidding system from the new institutional economics theory . The formation of the system is the result of many games , that is , the system is the equilibrium solution of the N - player game .
Then try to put forward some suggestions on the bidding and bidding of our country in the aspect of institutional innovation and technological innovation .









The first chapter introduces the basic principle of tender and tender and its application in international .









Firstly , the concept of tender and tender is introduced .
Secondly , introduce the scope of the tender and bid , including the scope of subject , the scope of subject and the limit of bidding ;
Thirdly , this paper introduces the methods of tender and tender , such as international competitive bidding and domestic competitive bidding , as well as non - public bidding methods such as inviting tenders .









Through the induction of the characteristics of tender and tender , this paper explains the superiority of the bidding price decision mechanism . As a result of its superiority , tender and tender has been revitalized in 200 years , and has been widely used in the world today .









However , why in theory advanced , in practice the efficient bidding system in China does not give full play to the role of optimizing resource allocation in China ? Therefore , the second chapter is transferred to the analysis of the practice of bidding in China .









On the basis of introducing the historical evolution of bidding and bidding system in China , the present situation and problems of bidding and bidding system in China are emphatically analyzed , that is , the system and technology

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南財經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2001
【分類號】：F062.4

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 鄧念;政府作用下的中國房地產(chǎn)市場理論與實證研究[D];復(fù)旦大學(xué);2010年

本文編號：1699144