本文關(guān)鍵詞： 搭便車者 合作 社會偏好 公共品實驗　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在組織領(lǐng)域有關(guān)合作的研究中,會觀察到整體合作水平逐漸下降的現(xiàn)象,這被稱作“合作的衰敗”。社會學(xué)、行為學(xué)和經(jīng)濟學(xué)在相關(guān)研究中都觀察到這個現(xiàn)象并且對此進行了深入的探討,現(xiàn)在這已經(jīng)成為合作領(lǐng)域中跨學(xué)科研究的重點話題。有的學(xué)者提出,可以從個體社會偏好的異質(zhì)性出發(fā)尋找“合作的衰敗”的解決思路。根據(jù)社會偏好的不同,可以把個體分成“合作者”(Cooperator)、“互惠者”(Reciprocator)、“搭便車者”(Free-rider)等類型�；セ菡呤怯袟l件合作者,行為受到合作信念的影響,只有在認為他人也會合作的情況下,互惠者才會選擇合作,大多數(shù)人都屬于這個類型。蘇黎世大學(xué)的Urs Fischbacher, Simon Gachter和Ernst Fehr三位教授在2001年發(fā)表論文指出,搭便車者的行為會影響互惠者的合作信念,使得互惠者也逐漸不愿意合作,從而出現(xiàn)“合作的衰敗”。2005年,Robert M. Burlando與Francesco Guala兩位學(xué)者在總結(jié)現(xiàn)有文獻的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了以公共品實驗為基礎(chǔ)的有效識別參與者類型的四個步驟；他們還把不同類型的參與者分別成組再次進行公共品實驗,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)整體合作水平顯著提高。本篇論文是建立在四組公共品實驗的基礎(chǔ)上的。第一組實驗是參考前人方法,把參與者分成合作者C、互惠者R、搭便車者F和噪音N四個類型。在第二組的公共品實驗中把搭便車者獨立成組,但在本次實驗中整體合作水平并沒有顯著提高,原因可能是樣本中不同類型參與者的比例不同。此后,我們把研究重點轉(zhuǎn)向搭便車者。前人認為,搭便車者在任何情況下都不會合作,我們通過文獻綜述和邏輯分析反駁了這個觀點：搭便車者的行為是可以被影響而改變的。我們嘗試設(shè)計情境影響搭便車者使其愿意合作,避免影響互惠者的合作信念,從而防止“合作的衰敗”出現(xiàn)。我們從人性的假說出發(fā)設(shè)計第三組和第四組實驗,分別通過經(jīng)濟因素和心理因素影響搭便車者的行為。第三組實驗是在公共品實驗之后附加有成本的懲罰環(huán)節(jié),賦予其他參與者付出小額成本懲罰搭便車者使其損失經(jīng)濟收益的權(quán)利。第四組實驗的設(shè)計參考社會心理學(xué)的焦點效應(yīng)研究框架,讓搭便車者宣布每輪實驗結(jié)果。數(shù)據(jù)顯示,經(jīng)濟因素影響搭便車者的行為并不能顯著提高整體合作水平,心理因素影響則能有效減少搭便車行為的出現(xiàn)并且顯著提高整體合作水平。
[Abstract]:In the study of cooperation in the organizational field, a gradual decline in the overall level of cooperation is observed, which is called "the decline of cooperation". Both behaviorism and economics have observed this phenomenon in related studies and have made a thorough study of it. Now it has become a key topic in interdisciplinary research in the field of cooperation. Some scholars have suggested, Based on the heterogeneity of individual social preferences, we can find a solution to the decline of cooperation. According to different social preferences, individuals can be divided into such types as "cooperator", "reciprocity", "hitchhiker" and "hitchhiker". Behavior is influenced by cooperative beliefs, and the mutuals choose to cooperate only if they think that others will cooperate, most of whom fall into this category. In a paper published in 2001 by Urs Fischbacher, Simon Gachter and Ernst Fehr of the University of Zurich, The behavior of hitchhiker will influence the cooperative belief of the reciprocity, and make the reciprocal person unwilling to cooperate gradually, which will lead to the "decline of cooperation". In 2005, two scholars, Robert M. Burlando and Francesco Guala, summarized the existing literature. Four steps are proposed to effectively identify the types of participants based on public goods experiments, and they also conduct public goods experiments in groups of different types of participants. The results show that the overall level of cooperation is significantly improved. This paper is based on four groups of public goods experiments. The first group of experiments is to refer to previous methods. The participants were divided into four types: cooperator C, reciprocal R, hitchhiker F and noise N. in the second group of public goods experiments, the hitchhikers were grouped independently, but the overall level of cooperation did not improve significantly in this experiment. The reason may be that the percentage of different types of participants in the sample varies. After that, we turned our research to hitchhikers. We refute this argument through literature review and logical analysis: the behavior of hitchhikers can be influenced and changed. We try to design situations that affect the hitchhiker's willingness to cooperate and avoid influencing the mutually beneficial person's cooperative beliefs. In order to prevent the decline of cooperation, we designed the third and 4th groups of experiments based on the hypothesis of human nature. The behavior of hitchhiker was influenced by economic factors and psychological factors respectively. The other participants were given the right to pay a small cost to punish hitchhikers for losing economic benefits. 4th groups of experiments were designed to refer to the focus effect research framework of social psychology, in which the hitchhiker announced the results of each round of the experiment. The influence of economic factors on the behavior of hitchhikers can not significantly improve the overall level of cooperation, psychological factors can effectively reduce the emergence of free-rider behavior and significantly improve the overall level of cooperation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F069.9

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本文編號：1523750