【摘要】：隨著城市的建設(shè)和發(fā)展,帶動(dòng)了各種工程項(xiàng)目的增加,而項(xiàng)目建設(shè)中大多會(huì)有土方工程,例如土方開挖、運(yùn)輸和回填、給排水和土壁支撐等工作,在土方工程的施工項(xiàng)目中,場地平整、坑槽開挖、路基填筑及基坑回填土等是最為常見的。土方量測量和計(jì)算的準(zhǔn)確性直接影響到工程的進(jìn)度和費(fèi)用,因此如何提高土方計(jì)算的精度,對(duì)于工程經(jīng)濟(jì)具有重大的意義。三維激光掃描技術(shù)具有測量速度快、數(shù)據(jù)精度高、儀器功能豐富的特點(diǎn),將其用于土方測量有著巨大的應(yīng)用潛力。本文結(jié)合三維激光掃描技術(shù)的原理、特點(diǎn)等方面的知識(shí),研究了三維激光掃描技術(shù)高效率和高精度的測量條件,通過實(shí)驗(yàn)分析得到減小測量誤差的測量條件,利用實(shí)際工程測量,分析誤差大小,提高三維激光掃描儀在土石方計(jì)算應(yīng)用中的精度和測量效率。(1)總結(jié)土方測量技術(shù),分析各種測量技術(shù)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),為三維激光掃描技術(shù)的應(yīng)用研究做鋪墊。(2)為研究誤差影響因素之間的關(guān)系,本文利用ILRIS-3D掃描儀對(duì)土方進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)測量,分別進(jìn)行精度評(píng)定,分析測量距離、間距和測量規(guī)模三個(gè)關(guān)鍵影響因素的關(guān)系,確定出既能滿足精度要求又能提高測量效率的掃描條件,為減小測量誤差提供可靠依據(jù)。(3)利用實(shí)驗(yàn)分析的結(jié)果,根據(jù)工程規(guī)模的大小,確定出合理的測量距離和間距,對(duì)實(shí)際工程進(jìn)行掃描,利用Polyworks軟件處理獲得的點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù),選擇合理的方法進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的預(yù)處理,利用迭代最近點(diǎn)(ICP)算法進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)配準(zhǔn),采用角度判斷法、觀察法和弦高差法進(jìn)行去噪處理,計(jì)算得到土方量。(4)為研究三維激光掃描儀的實(shí)際測量誤差,利用Polyworks軟件分別計(jì)算出掃描儀和全站儀的測量數(shù)據(jù),并將數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較,分析掃描儀的相對(duì)誤差;利用CASS計(jì)算出全站儀的測量數(shù)據(jù),同Polyworks軟件計(jì)算的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較,分析出此軟件的計(jì)算誤差。(5)由于三維激光掃描儀的數(shù)據(jù)處理流程復(fù)雜,而且每種儀器的處理系統(tǒng)不兼容,因此本文利用MATLAB編制出可以計(jì)算體積的程序,簡化體積計(jì)算的過程。(6)通過以上的研究,對(duì)三維激光掃描技術(shù)在其它測量領(lǐng)域(基本測量、建筑物立面圖測量、變形測量、地形測量)及建模領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行了探究。
[Abstract]:With the construction and development of the city, the increase of various engineering projects has been driven, and most of the projects will have earthwork, such as earthwork excavation, transportation and backfill, water supply and drainage and soil wall support, etc., in the construction projects of earthwork projects, Site leveling, pit excavation, subgrade filling and foundation pit backfill are the most common. The accuracy of earthwork measurement and calculation has a direct impact on the progress and cost of the project, so how to improve the accuracy of earthwork calculation is of great significance to engineering economy. Three-dimensional laser scanning technology has the characteristics of fast measuring speed, high data precision and rich instrument function, so it has great application potential in earth-moving survey. Based on the knowledge of the principle and characteristics of 3D laser scanning technology, the high efficiency and high precision measurement conditions of 3D laser scanning technology are studied in this paper, and the measuring conditions to reduce the measurement error are obtained through experimental analysis. In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of 3D laser scanner in earth and stone calculation, the actual engineering survey is used to analyze the error. (1) summarize the technology of earthwork measurement, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various measuring techniques. (2) in order to study the relationship between the influence factors of error, this paper uses ILRIS-3D scanner to carry on the experimental survey to the earthwork, respectively carries on the precision appraisal, analyzes the measurement distance, According to the relationship between the three key factors of spacing and measurement scale, the scanning condition, which can meet the requirement of accuracy and improve the measuring efficiency, is determined, which provides a reliable basis for reducing the measurement error. (3) using the results of experimental analysis, According to the size of the project, the reasonable measuring distance and distance are determined, the actual project is scanned, the point cloud data is processed by Polyworks software, and the reasonable method is chosen to preprocess the data. The iterative nearest point (ICP) algorithm is used for data registration, the angle judgment method, the observation method and the chord height difference method are used for denoising, and the earthwork is calculated. (4) in order to study the actual measurement error of 3D laser scanner, The measurement data of scanner and total station are calculated by Polyworks software, and the relative error of scanner is analyzed by comparing the data. The measurement data of total station are calculated by CASS, and compared with the data calculated by Polyworks software, the calculation error of this software is analyzed. (5) because the data processing flow of 3D laser scanner is complex, Moreover, the processing system of each instrument is not compatible, so this paper uses MATLAB to compile a program to calculate the volume, which simplifies the process of volume calculation. (6) through the above research, In this paper, 3D laser scanning technology in other fields of measurement (basic measurement, building elevation map measurement, deformation measurement, terrain measurement) and modeling field are explored.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西安理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TN249;TU751

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