【摘要】：目前我國大部分城市地區(qū)存在綠化面積小、建筑物及道路占地面積比例巨大的現(xiàn)象。一方面,城市化的加快使可滲水面積減少,當(dāng)短時間內(nèi)降雨量較大時極易導(dǎo)致城市內(nèi)澇災(zāi)害發(fā)生;另一方面大量受污染的雨水徑流進(jìn)入城市周圍水體后使水源水質(zhì)受到?jīng)_擊,造成水資源的污染。我國較多城市因雨水問題影響城市發(fā)展,且目前我國處于水資源匱乏現(xiàn)狀,對徑流雨水進(jìn)行滲、蓄、治、排的處理,具有重大意義。采用將濾料過濾與天然基質(zhì)土壤滲濾結(jié)合的方式處理城市雨水可有效截留、吸附雨水徑流中的污染物,同時濾料層會延緩地表徑流的產(chǎn)生時間、減小徑流水量,從而起到“滲、蓄、治、排”的作用,減輕雨水對水源的污染及城市洪澇災(zāi)害情況。因此,研究以不同組合濾料與天然基質(zhì)土壤滲濾結(jié)合的系統(tǒng)處理城市雨水具有重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)與環(huán)保意義。實驗用水為模擬實際城市雨水徑流的人工配水,根據(jù)對三次實際徑流雨水的收集、測定、分析,最終確定人工配水中COD、氨氮、總氮、總磷、濁度等指標(biāo)的取值范圍。通過三場降雨的水質(zhì)分析及參考相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)表明:實際雨水徑流中有機(jī)物、氨氮、總氮、濁度等含量較高,在降雨初期的20~30 min內(nèi)路面與屋面徑流中污染物濃度普遍偏高,隨著降雨歷時的增加在降雨中、后期污染物濃度快速降低,說明產(chǎn)生了沖刷效應(yīng)。降雨前干旱期越長,初期徑流中污染物濃度越大,且隨降雨歷時的變化幅度較大。為考察不同種類濾料對徑流中COD及氨氮的去除能力,選取0.5~1 mm石英砂、1~2mm石英砂、0.5~1 mm沸石、1~2 mm沸石、1~2 mm陶粒、2~4 mm陶粒、0.5~1 mm碎磚塊為備選濾料,進(jìn)行靜態(tài)吸附實驗,選出三種最優(yōu)濾料進(jìn)行后續(xù)改性及動態(tài)實驗。靜態(tài)吸附結(jié)果表明:1~2 mm陶粒對COD的吸附效果最好,吸附量為0.369 mg·g-1,0.5~1mm沸石對氨氮的吸附效果最好,吸附量為0.066 mg·g-1。從實用性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性、來源情況及自身性能等方面綜合考慮,選取沸石、陶粒及石英砂作為本研究滲濾系統(tǒng)的濾料,進(jìn)行后續(xù)的改性及動態(tài)試驗。將靜態(tài)吸附實驗中選出的三種濾料分別進(jìn)行氧化鐵涂層及氯化鈉改性并用于動態(tài)實驗。通過電鏡掃描圖片發(fā)現(xiàn),改性后石英砂從原來的光滑表面變成了附著氧化鐵晶體顆粒的粗糙表面。陶粒表面孔隙變大,且同樣有晶體堆積。沸石外表更加蓬松,孔隙略有增大。通過X射線衍射發(fā)現(xiàn)改性后石英砂增加了赤鐵礦(Fe2O3)及磁鐵礦(Fe3O4)成分,陶粒增加了磁赤鐵礦(γ-Fe2O3)和針鐵礦(α-FeO(OH))兩種成分。沸石增加了蘇打石(NaHCO3)、泡堿(Na2CO3·10H2O)及冰鹽(NaCl·2H2O)三種成分。靜態(tài)實驗結(jié)果表明改性陶粒對COD吸附效果最好,平衡吸附量為0.37 mg·g-1,比未改性前提高了7.15%,改性沸石對氨氮吸附效果最好,吸附量為0.074 mg·g-1,比未改性前提高了12.12%。將改性后的濾料與基質(zhì)土壤結(jié)合,進(jìn)行單一種類改性濾料與基質(zhì)土壤結(jié)合的人工降雨動態(tài)實驗。研究表明單一濾料與基質(zhì)土壤結(jié)合時,濾料組的最終出水中污染物濃度均低于純土壤對照組。但對污染物的去除存在選擇性,改性陶粒對COD的去除效果最好,平均出水濃度為15.12 mg·L-1。改性沸石對氨氮的去除效果最好,平均出水濃度為0.48mg·L-1。組合濾料與基質(zhì)土壤結(jié)合時,進(jìn)行了四種不同種類、粒徑及濾層厚度組合方案的對比,動態(tài)實驗結(jié)果表明:方案Ⅱ-2(15 cm改性陶粒+10 cm改性石英砂+5 cm改性沸石)的出水COD平均濃度為12.24 mg·L-1,氨氮平均濃度為0.71 mg·L-1,且在大雨及暴雨條件下分別能將產(chǎn)流時間推遲325、190 min,將徑流量削減54.22 mm、60.95 mm。從對污染物的去除效果以及對水量的節(jié)流效果角度綜合分析,認(rèn)為方案Ⅱ-2為最佳組合方案。
[Abstract]:On the one hand, the acceleration of urbanization reduces the seepage area, and when the rainfall is large in a short time, it is very easy to cause urban waterlogging disaster; on the other hand, a large number of polluted rainwater runoff enters the water body around the city. Water quality is impacted and water resources are polluted. Many cities in China are in short supply of water resources because of rainwater problems. It is of great significance to treat runoff rainwater by infiltration, storage, treatment and drainage. It can effectively intercept and absorb pollutants in rainwater runoff, at the same time, the filter layer will delay the generation time of surface runoff, reduce the amount of runoff, thus play a "seepage, storage, treatment, drainage" role, reduce the pollution of rainwater to water sources and urban flood disaster. Therefore, the study of different combination of leachate and natural matrix soil infiltration system. The experimental water is used to simulate the actual urban rainwater runoff. According to the collection, determination and analysis of the three actual runoff rainwater, the range of COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and turbidity in the artificial water distribution is finally determined. Literature shows that organic matter, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, turbidity and so on are higher in the actual rainwater runoff, and the pollutant concentration in the road surface and roof runoff is generally higher in the early 20-30 minutes of rainfall. With the increase of rainfall duration, the pollutant concentration decreases rapidly in the middle and later periods of rainfall, indicating that the scouring effect occurs. In order to investigate the removal capacity of COD and ammonia nitrogen from runoff by different kinds of filter media, 0.5-1 mm quartz sand, 1-2 mm quartz sand, 0.5-1 mm zeolite, 1-2 mm zeolite, 1-2 mm ceramsite, 2-4 mm ceramsite and 0.5-1 mm broken brick were selected as the alternative filters for static adsorption experiments. The results of static adsorption showed that 1~2 mm ceramsite had the best adsorption effect on COD, zeolite with adsorption capacity of 0.369 mg g 1,0.5~1 mm had the best adsorption effect on ammonia nitrogen and adsorption capacity of 0.066 mg g 1. Particles and quartz sand are used as filters of the leaching system in this study for subsequent modification and dynamic tests. Three filters selected from static adsorption experiments are coated with ferric oxide and modified with sodium chloride respectively and used for dynamic experiments. The surface of the modified quartz sand was found to be composed of hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4), and ceramsite (gamma-Fe2O3) and goethite (alpha-FeO (OH). Zeolite was increased. The static experiment results show that the modified ceramsite has the best adsorption effect on COD, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity is 0.37 mg g 1, which is 7.15% higher than that of the unmodified zeolite. The adsorption capacity of the modified zeolite is 0.074 mg g 1, which is 12.12% higher than that of the unmodified zeolite. The artificial rainfall dynamic experiment was carried out by combining the modified filter with the matrix soil. The results showed that the pollutant concentration in the final effluent of the filter group was lower than that of the pure soil control group when the single filter was combined with the matrix soil. The average effluent concentration was 15.12 mg L-1. Modified zeolite had the best removal effect on ammonia nitrogen, and the average effluent concentration was 0.48 mg L-1. When combined with matrix soil, four different kinds of filter materials, particle size and filter thickness were compared. The dynamic experimental results showed that scheme II-2 (15 cm modified ceramsite + 10 cm) was the best. The average concentration of COD in effluent of CM modified quartz sand + 5 cm modified zeolite is 12.24 mg It is considered that scheme II -2 is the best combination scheme.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X52;TU992

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