本文選題：采空區(qū) + 地表變形��； 參考：《中北大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展,我國地下采煤現(xiàn)象也愈發(fā)頻繁,致使一些老能源基地發(fā)生大范圍的采空區(qū)塌陷現(xiàn)象。它的存在會(huì)不可避免地對(duì)地表及其周圍建筑物造成影響,稍有不慎就會(huì)引起建筑物失穩(wěn)、傾斜或開裂等一系列問題,給國家和人民帶來嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。地下煤礦開采引起的一系列環(huán)境巖土問題日益引起人們的重視,研究采空區(qū)對(duì)地表及其建筑物的影響就變得非常重要。窯洞是世界上現(xiàn)存最多的傳統(tǒng)居住建筑形式之一,它具有冬暖夏涼、綠色環(huán)保、無污染、低能耗等優(yōu)點(diǎn),隨著可持續(xù)發(fā)展和綠色建筑理念的興起,窯洞建筑又重新得到了社會(huì)的認(rèn)可和重視,因此對(duì)窯洞這種特殊拱形結(jié)構(gòu)的研究具有實(shí)際意義。本文基于采空區(qū)地表及其窯洞結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞機(jī)理,主要完成了以下幾方面的工作:(1)簡單介紹了窯洞的破壞形式,并且對(duì)它在僅受自重的情況下進(jìn)行了受力分析與理論計(jì)算,得到無采空區(qū)影響時(shí)窯洞的變形破壞規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明:當(dāng)窯洞僅受自重作用時(shí),拱頂和拱腳處會(huì)承受土體之間較大的壓力。一旦壓力超過土體的極限承載力,拱腳就會(huì)發(fā)生垂直位移的現(xiàn)象,引起窯洞裂縫或坍塌。另外拱腳以上兩側(cè)土體應(yīng)保持一定厚度的填土,否則也會(huì)引起拱腳發(fā)生水平位移,致使窯洞發(fā)生破壞。(2)利用FLAC3D有限元分析軟件分別對(duì)開采深度、開采厚度、開采寬度、不同相對(duì)位置的各個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行模擬計(jì)算,從窯洞的位移場、應(yīng)力場和塑性區(qū)具體分析其受力變形情況。計(jì)算結(jié)果表明:(1)窯洞受采空區(qū)影響時(shí),豎向最大位移發(fā)生在拱頂處,因此在日常使用中應(yīng)注重拱圈的防護(hù)與加固;水平方向最大位移發(fā)生在拱圈與窯腿交接處;最大豎向應(yīng)力發(fā)生在窯腿底部,因此可以通過增大窯腿寬度以減小其所承受的壓應(yīng)力;塑性區(qū)大部分集中于拱頂和底部進(jìn)口區(qū)域。(2)位于老采空區(qū)中央正上方的窯洞沉降量最大,基礎(chǔ)各監(jiān)測點(diǎn)的移動(dòng)變形具有對(duì)稱性;老采空區(qū)邊界上方的窯洞沉降量次之,基礎(chǔ)各監(jiān)測點(diǎn)的移動(dòng)變形失去對(duì)稱性,不均勻沉降最明顯,對(duì)窯洞保護(hù)不利,應(yīng)避免將其建在該區(qū);老采空區(qū)外邊緣處的窯洞沉降量最小。(3)隨著開采寬度和開采厚度的增加,窯洞產(chǎn)生的位移和應(yīng)力值都隨之遞增;隨著開采深度的增加,窯洞產(chǎn)生的位移和應(yīng)力值卻隨之遞減。在本模擬條件下其臨界深厚比為16,此時(shí)存在對(duì)地表窯洞沉陷無明顯影響的臨界深厚比。當(dāng)超過這一深厚比之后,采空區(qū)存在與否,對(duì)窯洞已無明顯影響,故在實(shí)際工程中,應(yīng)當(dāng)選擇合理的開采尺寸以確保地表及其建筑物處于安全狀態(tài)。(3)通過選取影響窯洞穩(wěn)定性較大的四因素三水平,設(shè)計(jì)正交試驗(yàn),對(duì)其進(jìn)行極差分析。可知在本模擬試驗(yàn)條件下,窯洞與采空區(qū)相對(duì)位置影響最為顯著,為主要因素;其次是開采寬度和開采深度;而開采厚度的影響較小,為不重要因素。且當(dāng)開采深度為60m,開采厚度為7m,開采寬度為50m,窯洞位于采空區(qū)中央正上方時(shí),拱頂沉降量最大,約為94.22mm,此時(shí)窯洞處于最不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。(4)煤礦開采后及時(shí)填充,可利于提高窯洞穩(wěn)定性,使其沉降量明顯減小,即窯洞拱頂沉降量從94.22mm急劇減小至28.47mm,降低了69.78%。且充填材料強(qiáng)度越高,充填效果越明顯,窯洞沉降量越小,即采空區(qū)充填可有效解決地表建筑物的沉降變形問題。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of the economy, the underground coal mining phenomenon is becoming more frequent in our country, which causes the collapse of the goaf in some old energy bases. Its existence will inevitably affect the surface and surrounding buildings, and a little carelessness will cause a series of problems, such as the instability, the inclination or the cracking of the buildings, to the state and the people. A series of environmental rock and soil problems caused by underground coal mining have attracted more and more attention. It is very important to study the influence of the goaf on the surface and its buildings. The cave is one of the most existing traditional residential buildings in the world. It has a cold winter, a green environment, no pollution, low energy consumption and so on. With the rise of sustainable development and the rise of the concept of green building, the cave building has been recognized and paid more attention by the society. Therefore, it is of practical significance to study the special arch structure of the cave cave. Based on the destruction mechanism of the ground surface and its cave structure in the goaf, the main work is completed in the following aspects: (1) a brief introduction is made. The failure mode of the cave is carried out and its stress analysis and theoretical calculation are carried out in the case of self weight only. The law of deformation and failure of the cave is obtained without the influence of the goaf. The result shows that the vault and arch foot will bear large pressure between the arch and the arch when the cave is only affected by the weight of the soil. The vertical displacement of the foot will cause the crack or collapse of the cave. In addition, the soil above the two sides of the arch foot should be filled with a certain thickness. Otherwise, the horizontal displacement of the arch foot will be caused, which causes the cave to destroy. (2) the mining depth, mining thickness, mining width, and different relative position of the mining depth, mining thickness, mining width are respectively used by the FLAC3D finite element analysis software. Each structure state is simulated and calculated from the displacement field, stress field and plastic zone of the cave. The calculation results show that: (1) the maximum vertical displacement occurs at the vault when the cave is affected by the goaf, so the protection and reinforcement of the arch ring should be paid attention to in the daily use; the maximum horizontal displacement occurs in the arch ring. The maximum vertical stress occurs at the bottom of the kiln leg, so the width of the kiln leg can be increased to reduce the pressure stress. Most of the plastic zone is concentrated in the vault and the bottom inlet area. (2) the cave settlement in the middle of the center of the old goaf is the largest, and the movement and deformation of the monitoring points of the base are symmetrical; The cave settlement above the goaf boundary is the second, and the movement and deformation of the monitoring points of the foundation are not symmetrical, and the uneven settlement is the most obvious. It is unfavorable to the cave protection and should avoid it in the area. The settlement of the cave at the outer edge of the old goaf is the smallest. (3) the displacement and stress generated by the mining width and thickness of mining, the displacement and stress value of the cave. With the increase of mining depth, the displacement and stress value of cave dwellings decrease with the increase of the mining depth. Under this simulation, the critical depth ratio is 16, and there is a critical deep ratio that has no obvious influence on the cave cave subsidence. In the project, a reasonable mining size should be chosen to ensure the safety of the surface and its buildings. (3) through the selection of the four factors and three levels which affect the stability of the cave, the orthogonal test is designed to carry out the extreme analysis. The second is the mining width and mining depth, and the mining thickness has little influence, which is not important. And when the mining depth is 60m, the mining thickness is 7m, the mining width is 50m, the cave is located at the top of the goaf center, the settlement of the vault is the largest, about 94.22mm, and the cave is in the most unstable state. (4) filling in time after coal mining is available. In order to improve the stability of the cave, the settlement of the cave dome decreases sharply from 94.22mm to 28.47mm, the lower the 69.78%. and the higher the strength of the filling material, the more obvious filling effect, the smaller the cave settlement, that is, the filling in the goaf can effectively solve the settlement and deformation of the surface buildings.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TD325.3;TU746.1

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