【摘要】：醫(yī)療廢棄物處理不當(dāng)引起的危害日趨嚴(yán)重,全世界每年約有520萬人死于醫(yī)療廢棄物暴露引起的疾病。由于醫(yī)療廢棄物具有感染性、傳染性、腐蝕性等特點(diǎn),帶來了潛在環(huán)境危害和公共衛(wèi)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在處理過程中存在對其危害認(rèn)識不夠、管理不規(guī)范、設(shè)施不健全、填埋不徹底、焚燒不充分、人員培訓(xùn)不足等問題,這些問題在農(nóng)村地區(qū)尤為突出。基于此,本研究以系統(tǒng)論為視角,構(gòu)建和優(yōu)化我國農(nóng)村醫(yī)療廢棄物回收處理系統(tǒng),具有重要的理論價(jià)值和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 本研究主要內(nèi)容：在了解我國農(nóng)村醫(yī)療廢棄物管理現(xiàn)狀及問題的基礎(chǔ)上,以“減量化、再利用和資源化”為目標(biāo),從分類回收、設(shè)施構(gòu)建、車輛路徑、關(guān)鍵信息技術(shù)四個(gè)方面構(gòu)建農(nóng)村醫(yī)療廢棄物回收處理系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化框架。首先,分析農(nóng)村醫(yī)療廢棄物組成特點(diǎn),給出分類方法；其次,結(jié)合農(nóng)村醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的分布特征,構(gòu)建回收處理網(wǎng)絡(luò)和暫存處選址優(yōu)化模型；再次,結(jié)合危險(xiǎn)物品運(yùn)輸相關(guān)理論,構(gòu)建農(nóng)村醫(yī)療廢棄物車輛路徑優(yōu)化模型；最后,分析信息技術(shù)在農(nóng)村醫(yī)療廢棄物回收處理各環(huán)節(jié)的應(yīng)用。 本研究主要結(jié)論：(1)基于問卷調(diào)研和訪談,從博弈論、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)角度構(gòu)建農(nóng)村醫(yī)療廢棄物回收處理系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化框架。(2)將農(nóng)村醫(yī)療廢棄物分為三類：一般廢棄物、可循環(huán)利用廢棄物和感染性廢棄物,以“減量化”為目標(biāo),從環(huán)境行為角度,仿真在不同政策背景下,感染性廢棄物產(chǎn)生量及相關(guān)變量的動(dòng)態(tài)變化。(3)結(jié)合公共設(shè)施選址的要求,構(gòu)建了暫存處選址的多目標(biāo)漸進(jìn)覆蓋優(yōu)化模型；在分析逆向物流回收物品特征和醫(yī)療廢棄物特點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,構(gòu)建了帶時(shí)間窗的車輛路徑優(yōu)化模型,并設(shè)計(jì)啟發(fā)式算法,驗(yàn)證了模型和算法的有效性和可行性。(4)分析信息技術(shù)的適用性,構(gòu)建面向農(nóng)村的醫(yī)療廢棄物多級協(xié)作信息技術(shù)平臺。 特色和創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)：(1)基于調(diào)研分析農(nóng)村醫(yī)療廢棄物構(gòu)成特點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,提出農(nóng)村醫(yī)療廢棄物分類方法,對感染性廢棄物產(chǎn)生量建立系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型,模擬各變量對其影響程度。(2)引入漸進(jìn)覆蓋函數(shù)建立暫存處選址模型,考慮時(shí)間和容量約束建立車輛路徑優(yōu)化模型；并以新鄉(xiāng)縣為例,進(jìn)行暫存處選址和運(yùn)輸路徑優(yōu)化。(3)從系統(tǒng)的角度出發(fā),以農(nóng)村醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)為對象,構(gòu)建回收處理的系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化框架并提出優(yōu)化方法。
[Abstract]:The harm caused by improper treatment of medical waste is becoming more and more serious. Every year, about 5.2 million people die from the diseases caused by medical waste exposure in the world. Because medical waste is infectious, corrosive and so on, it brings potential environmental hazards and public health risks. In the process of treatment, there is not enough understanding of its harm, management is not standardized, facilities are not perfect, and landfills are not complete. Problems such as inadequate burning and inadequate training of personnel are particularly prominent in rural areas. Based on this, it is of great theoretical value and practical significance to construct and optimize the rural medical waste recovery and treatment system in our country from the perspective of system theory. The main contents of this study are as follows: on the basis of understanding the current situation and problems of rural medical waste management in China, aiming at "reduction, reuse and utilization", the paper aims at classified recovery, facility construction, vehicle routing, and so on. Key information technology four aspects of rural medical waste recycling system optimization framework. Firstly, the characteristics of rural medical waste are analyzed, and the classification method is given. Secondly, combined with the distribution characteristics of rural medical institutions, the optimal model of recycling treatment network and temporary location is constructed. Thirdly, combined with the theory of transportation of dangerous goods, the vehicle route optimization model of rural medical waste is constructed. Finally, the application of information technology in every link of rural medical waste recovery and treatment is analyzed. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) based on questionnaire investigation and interview, the optimization framework of rural medical waste recovery and treatment system is constructed from the perspective of game theory and economics. (2) the rural medical waste is divided into three categories: general waste. Recyclable waste and infectious waste, with the goal of "reduction", are simulated in different policy contexts from the point of view of environmental behavior. (3) combined with the requirements of public facilities location, a multi-objective incremental coverage optimization model for temporary location was constructed. On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of goods recovered by reverse logistics and medical waste, the vehicle routing optimization model with time window is constructed, and a heuristic algorithm is designed. The validity and feasibility of the model and algorithm are verified. (4) the applicability of information technology is analyzed and a multi-level cooperative information technology platform for medical waste is constructed. Characteristics and innovations: (1) based on the investigation and analysis of the characteristics of rural medical waste, the classification method of rural medical waste is put forward, and the system dynamic model of the quantity of infectious waste is established. The influence of each variable on it is simulated. (2) the incremental coverage function is introduced to establish the temporary location model, and the vehicle routing optimization model considering time and capacity constraints is established. Taking Xinxiang County as an example, the temporary storage location and transportation route optimization are carried out. (3) from the system point of view, taking rural medical institutions as the object, the system optimization framework for recycling treatment is constructed and the optimization method is put forward.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X799.5

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本文編號：2312547