5至13世紀四川盆地摩崖造像分布初探
發(fā)布時間：2019-05-15 03:43
【摘要】：四川盆地擁有豐富的石窟和摩崖造像遺存,是中國南方石窟最重要的分布區(qū),也是中國石窟寺分布區(qū)的重要代表。研究四川盆地摩崖造像在區(qū)域內(nèi)的時空分布和變遷情況,有助于理解整個四川地區(qū)摩崖造像的時空分布過程。本文依據(jù)已有的造像考古成果,以四川盆地的自然地理區(qū)劃為基礎(chǔ),分別對盆北低山區(qū)、盆西平原區(qū)、盆中丘陵區(qū)、盆南山地與丘陵區(qū)和盆東平行嶺谷區(qū),五個地貌區(qū)內(nèi)的造像賦存情況進行了統(tǒng)計。在此基礎(chǔ)上,概括了造像的時空分布特征,并對影響四川盆地摩崖造像地域分布的主要因素進行了討論。從南北朝至兩宋,四川盆地的摩崖造像可以分為三個時期。南北朝~初唐為第一期,在這一期盆北、盆西、盆中開始出現(xiàn)摩崖造像,其中盆北的廣元等地主要是佛教題材造像,而盆西、盆中主要是道教題材造像。整體來說,造像點少而分散,受北方造像風格影響深刻。盛唐~五代為第二期,該期四川盆地的造像數(shù)和造像規(guī)模達到高峰,陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)了盆北的廣元—巴中、盆西的邛崍—蒲江—丹棱—仁壽,盆中的資中—安岳三個造像中心。兩宋時期為第三期,除盆中、盆東外,其余地區(qū)的摩崖造像活動都走向衰落,全川的造像中心在大足—安岳一帶。無論是各區(qū)還是四川盆地整體造像,在發(fā)展過程中,都表現(xiàn)出了明顯的自北向南、自西向東的發(fā)展趨勢。影響摩崖造像分布的因素主要有政治、經(jīng)濟、文化、交通等。一、造像分布受政治因素的影響。其一,中晚唐時期,受唐與吐蕃、南詔戰(zhàn)爭的影響,盆北出現(xiàn)了以過往將士為主要功德主的摩崖造像,盆西集中出現(xiàn)毗沙門天王像題材的造像和大量以祈求平安為目的的龕窟。其二,盆地內(nèi)摩崖造像的出現(xiàn)和盛行受到了當時宗教政策的影響。其三,州縣治所在對當時的造像發(fā)展有一定影響,盆北、盆南、盆東三區(qū)比較重要的造像點多位于當時的州縣治。二、造像分布與地區(qū)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展有著密切的聯(lián)系。其一,造像分布與各府州的行政等級在大體上是吻合的,一般來說,行政等級高的州,造像數(shù)量也多。其二,造像在分布上與市鎮(zhèn)分布具有對應(yīng)關(guān)系,摩崖造像活動以市鎮(zhèn)為依托而進行。其三,盛產(chǎn)流通性高的物產(chǎn)的地區(qū)多為重要的造像區(qū)。三、摩崖造像的發(fā)展與寺院、高僧駐錫地的分布具有對應(yīng)關(guān)系,早期盆西、盆中造像多為道教題材造像,與早期四川盆地內(nèi)的佛、道教勢力對比情況有關(guān)。
[Abstract]:Sichuan Basin is rich in grottoes and cliff statues, which is the most important distribution area of grottoes in southern China and an important representative of grottoes in China. The study of the temporal and spatial distribution and changes of cliff statues in Sichuan Basin is helpful to understand the temporal and spatial distribution process of cliff statues in Sichuan Province. Based on the existing archaeological results of statues and on the basis of the natural geographical areas of Sichuan Basin, this paper deals with the low mountain areas in the north of the basin, the plain areas in the west of the basin, the hilly areas in the middle of the basin, the mountainous areas in the south of the basin and the hilly areas in the east of the basin. The occurrence of statues in five geomorphological areas is counted. On this basis, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the image are summarized, and the main factors affecting the regional distribution of the cliff image in Sichuan Basin are discussed. From the Northern and Southern dynasties to the Song Dynasty, the cliff statues in Sichuan Basin can be divided into three periods. From the Southern and Northern dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty, cliffs began to appear in the north of the basin, the west of the basin and the basin, in which the Guangyuan and other places in the north of the basin were mainly Buddhist statues, while the western basin and the basin were mainly Taoist statues. On the whole, the image points are few and scattered, which is deeply influenced by the northern statue style. During the second period of the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the fifth generation, the number and scale of images in Sichuan Basin reached the peak, and three statue centers, Guangyuan-Bazhong in the north of the basin, Qionglai-Pujiang-Danling-Renshou in the west of the basin and Zizhong-Anyue in the basin, appeared one after another. The Song Dynasty was the third phase, except in the basin and the east of the basin, the cliff statues in other areas declined, and the statue center of the whole Sichuan was in the Dazu-Anyue area. In the process of development, both the whole image of Sichuan Basin and the whole image of Sichuan Basin show an obvious development trend from north to south and from west to east. The main factors affecting the distribution of cliff statues are politics, economy, culture, transportation and so on. First, the distribution of images is influenced by political factors. First, during the middle and late Tang Dynasty, under the influence of Tang Dynasty, Tubo and Nanzhao War, there appeared cliff statues in the north of the basin with the past generals as the main meritorious agents, and in the west of the basin, the statues of the statue of the king of heaven and a large number of niches for the purpose of praying for peace appeared in the west of the basin. Second, the emergence and prevalence of cliff statues in the basin were influenced by religious policies at that time. Third, the state and county government had a certain impact on the development of statues at that time. Most of the more important image points in the north, south and east of the basin were located in the states and counties at that time. Second, the distribution of statues is closely related to regional economic development. First, the distribution of statues is generally consistent with the administrative level of prefectures. Generally speaking, the number of statues in states with high administrative levels is also large. Second, there is a corresponding relationship between the distribution of statues and the distribution of towns, and the gravelling activities are carried out on the basis of towns. Third, most of the areas rich in products with high liquidity are important image areas. Third, the development of cliff statues is related to the distribution of monasteries and monks stationed in tin. In the west of the early basin, most of the statues in the basin are Taoist statues, which are related to the comparison of Buddhist and Taoist forces in the early Sichuan basin.
【學位授予單位】：南京師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K879.3
本文編號：2477283
[Abstract]:Sichuan Basin is rich in grottoes and cliff statues, which is the most important distribution area of grottoes in southern China and an important representative of grottoes in China. The study of the temporal and spatial distribution and changes of cliff statues in Sichuan Basin is helpful to understand the temporal and spatial distribution process of cliff statues in Sichuan Province. Based on the existing archaeological results of statues and on the basis of the natural geographical areas of Sichuan Basin, this paper deals with the low mountain areas in the north of the basin, the plain areas in the west of the basin, the hilly areas in the middle of the basin, the mountainous areas in the south of the basin and the hilly areas in the east of the basin. The occurrence of statues in five geomorphological areas is counted. On this basis, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the image are summarized, and the main factors affecting the regional distribution of the cliff image in Sichuan Basin are discussed. From the Northern and Southern dynasties to the Song Dynasty, the cliff statues in Sichuan Basin can be divided into three periods. From the Southern and Northern dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty, cliffs began to appear in the north of the basin, the west of the basin and the basin, in which the Guangyuan and other places in the north of the basin were mainly Buddhist statues, while the western basin and the basin were mainly Taoist statues. On the whole, the image points are few and scattered, which is deeply influenced by the northern statue style. During the second period of the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the fifth generation, the number and scale of images in Sichuan Basin reached the peak, and three statue centers, Guangyuan-Bazhong in the north of the basin, Qionglai-Pujiang-Danling-Renshou in the west of the basin and Zizhong-Anyue in the basin, appeared one after another. The Song Dynasty was the third phase, except in the basin and the east of the basin, the cliff statues in other areas declined, and the statue center of the whole Sichuan was in the Dazu-Anyue area. In the process of development, both the whole image of Sichuan Basin and the whole image of Sichuan Basin show an obvious development trend from north to south and from west to east. The main factors affecting the distribution of cliff statues are politics, economy, culture, transportation and so on. First, the distribution of images is influenced by political factors. First, during the middle and late Tang Dynasty, under the influence of Tang Dynasty, Tubo and Nanzhao War, there appeared cliff statues in the north of the basin with the past generals as the main meritorious agents, and in the west of the basin, the statues of the statue of the king of heaven and a large number of niches for the purpose of praying for peace appeared in the west of the basin. Second, the emergence and prevalence of cliff statues in the basin were influenced by religious policies at that time. Third, the state and county government had a certain impact on the development of statues at that time. Most of the more important image points in the north, south and east of the basin were located in the states and counties at that time. Second, the distribution of statues is closely related to regional economic development. First, the distribution of statues is generally consistent with the administrative level of prefectures. Generally speaking, the number of statues in states with high administrative levels is also large. Second, there is a corresponding relationship between the distribution of statues and the distribution of towns, and the gravelling activities are carried out on the basis of towns. Third, most of the areas rich in products with high liquidity are important image areas. Third, the development of cliff statues is related to the distribution of monasteries and monks stationed in tin. In the west of the early basin, most of the statues in the basin are Taoist statues, which are related to the comparison of Buddhist and Taoist forces in the early Sichuan basin.
【學位授予單位】：南京師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K879.3
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