本文選題：具階梯塔 + 忉利天降下�。� 參考：《故宮博物院院刊》2014年01期

【摘要】：在成熟的藏傳佛教善逝八塔建筑體系中,塔座部分設(shè)四層階級(jí)、各面當(dāng)中凸出并設(shè)階梯的類(lèi)型被稱(chēng)為"天降塔",階梯被比擬為紀(jì)念佛在忉利天為母說(shuō)法后降下閻浮提時(shí)所踏的三道寶階。"天降塔"并非根據(jù)印度的某座塔所仿建,而是塔所體現(xiàn)的象征體系的重構(gòu)。藏傳佛教后弘期早期西藏西部流行四面具階梯的塔,照此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被認(rèn)定為天降塔。在當(dāng)時(shí),這種塔與忉利天降下的佛傳情節(jié)顯然并沒(méi)有直接的聯(lián)系,因此現(xiàn)階段把它們視作"具階梯塔"更為確切。方形塔基的具階梯塔最早見(jiàn)于犍陀羅,隨著犍陀羅佛教文化的傳播,也見(jiàn)于闐、龜茲、梵衍那和迦濕彌羅等地。西藏西部的地理位置與上述地方鄰近,文化交流的結(jié)果之一就是涌現(xiàn)出具階梯塔,這可以解釋為何同時(shí)期在衛(wèi)藏以及受藏傳佛教強(qiáng)烈影響的西夏等地區(qū)很少看到這種塔的影子。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)可知,具階梯塔的階梯象征四圣諦或四不護(hù),是塔的重要構(gòu)件。天降塔最初形成之時(shí),其建筑形制借鑒了包括西藏西部在內(nèi)的內(nèi)陸亞洲流行的具階梯塔,而為了強(qiáng)化它與忉利天降下故事的呼應(yīng)關(guān)系,階梯改用并列的三道,這也可以看作具階梯塔與真正意義上的天降塔的一個(gè)分水嶺。
[Abstract]:In a mature system of eight pagodas of Tibetan Buddhism, there are four levels of classes in the tower. The types of steps that protrude from each side and set up steps are called the "heavenly tower", and the steps are compared to the three precious steps that the Buddha took when he lowered Yan Fu-ti after the Buddha had said that the Buddha had raised the sky to the mother. " The heavenly tower was not built from a tower in India, but a reconstitution of the symbolic system embodied in the tower. Tibetan Buddhism in the early period of Western Tibet popular four-mask staircase tower, according to this standard is regarded as the tower. At that time, there was no direct connection between these pagodas and the descending Buddha stories, so it is more accurate to regard them as "staircase towers" at this stage. The square tower with steps was first found in Gandhara. Along with the spread of Gandhara Buddhist culture, it was also seen in Yutian, Qiuzi, Van Yanna and Gashimira. The geographical location of western Tibet is adjacent to these places. One of the results of cultural exchanges is the emergence of staircase towers, which can explain why such pagodas were rarely seen at the same time in Weizang and Xixia, which were strongly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism. According to the literature, the ladder with the ladder tower symbolizes the four noble meaning or the four unprotected, and is an important component of the tower. When the Tianjiangta was first formed, its architectural form drew lessons from the popular staircase towers in inland Asia, including western Tibet. In order to strengthen the relationship between the tower and the story of Li Li's descent, the steps were replaced by three parallel paths. It can also be seen as a watershed between a ladder tower and a real landing tower.
【作者單位】： 中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院民族學(xué)與人類(lèi)學(xué)研究所;
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K878.6

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

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