發(fā)布時間：2018-05-07 15:13

  本文選題：長春市 + 鉛污染　； 參考：《吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：城市土壤重金屬污染日趨嚴重,特別是鉛(Pb)污染已導致城市兒童血Pb含量升高。植物修復技術以其低成本和環(huán)境友好等優(yōu)點成為污染土壤修復行之有效的方法,成為國內外研究的熱點。超積累植物篩選是植物修復能否成功的關鍵,也是植物修復技術的難點所在。本文以長春市為例,首先對城市表層土壤理化性質與Pb污染進行評價；其次通過分析12個綠化植物葉片對鉛的吸收量,篩選出對大氣鉛吸收力強的植物種,為城市土壤鉛污染的植物修復提供理論依據(jù)；以楊樹葉片為代表,初步判斷植物大氣鉛污染等級；土壤Pb污染主要來源于交通污染等人為活動,人們往往忽略了自然落葉或人為施用有機肥帶給土壤的影響,因此初步探討了城市土壤中外源有機物料對Pb吸附的影響,充分肯定了花卉植物修復具有巨大潛力；然后通過砂培、水培和土培試驗,研究了32種常見花卉植物(包括一串紅、繡線菊、紫花玉簪、鴨跖草、馬藺、石堿花、石竹、波斯菊、福祿考、四季海棠、金魚草、金盞菊、天竺葵、雁來紅、紅王子錦帶、紫茉莉、蜀葵、茶花鳳仙、百日草、萬壽菊、大麗花、八仙花、月季、美人蕉、銀邊天竺葵、彩葉草、金邊天竺葵、矮牽牛、孔雀草、八寶景天、君子蘭、射干)對Pb脅迫的生長反應及Pb在植物體內的富集特征,篩選出了Pb富集能力較強且適于北方種植的的花卉品種,為探索花卉植物修復城市Pb污染土壤的技術提供理論和實踐依據(jù)。主要研究結果歸納如下： 1、以長春市為例,對城市表層土壤的理化性質與Pb污染評價結果表明,城市表層土壤物理性質略差,但多數(shù)有利于植物根系的正常生長；化學指標總體上處于較高水平。長春城區(qū)表層土壤Pb含量差異性很大,變幅為18.7～125.8 mg·kg-1,平均含量為57.1 mg·kg-1。采用Pb污染指數(shù)法和地積累指數(shù)評價法,長春城區(qū)表層土壤Pb總體上處于輕度向偏中度污染水平。 2、通過14個主要街路兩側12種植物葉片中Pb的含量測定,采用單項污染指數(shù)法計算污染指數(shù)進行大氣質量等級評價結果表明：運用聚類分析得出,12種植物對Pb吸收能力最強的是繡線菊,其次是楊樹、油松、矮牽牛和彩葉草；而對Pb吸收能力最弱的樹種是榆樹、女貞、小葉女貞、八寶景天。采用單項污染指數(shù)評價法計算大氣質量等級,長春市紅旗街和同志街大氣Pb污染達到嚴重污染程度,火車站北口屬于重度污染區(qū),會展大街已達到中度污染,人民大街和南湖大路屬于輕度污染區(qū),無污染的是凱旋路、前進大街和延安大路。 3、城市土壤外源有機物料原樣及其HLA、HLM對Pb2+的等溫吸附曲線研究結果表明,樹葉、草坪草和牛糞原樣及其HLA、HLM對Pb2+的吸附量隨平衡溶液中Pb2+濃度的增加而增加；在相同初始濃度下,對于Pb2+的吸附量的順序是樹葉牛糞草坪草,對于同一有機物料來說,草坪草、樹葉對Pb2+的吸附量的順序是HLMHLA原樣,HLAHLM原樣。各組分的吸附等溫線可以用Freundlich、Langmiur和Temkin方程很好的描述,且都呈顯著線性相關,且與吸附等溫曲線所表述的規(guī)律性一致,最大吸附量的順序為HLAHLM原樣。 4、種子萌發(fā)試驗分析結果顯示,供試花卉植物中對Pb脅迫的耐性最強的是馬藺種子,其次是百日草種子和紫茉莉種子,耐性最差的是黑心菊種子。與對照相比,孔雀草和百曰草的根長分別下降了66.2%、55.1%,黑心菊下降了85.2%。說明種子幼根對Pb的耐性最強的花卉是孔雀草和百日草,最弱的是黑心菊。Pb脅迫對萌發(fā)后幼苗生長影響研究進一步證實植物根系對Pb的耐受能力較強的四種為馬藺、茶花鳳仙、百日草和孔雀草,強弱順序為馬藺茶花鳳仙百日草孔雀草。 5、水培試驗結果表明,供試花卉植物中四季海棠、百日草、紫茉莉和紫花玉簪的地上部最大Pb含量達到了超富集植物的臨界含量標準,并且所有處理中它們的地上部Pb含量和富集系數(shù)數(shù)值最大,均顯著高于其它花卉植物。供試花卉植物中,Pb轉移系數(shù)最高值可達0.8以上的有四季海棠、百日草、紫茉莉、紫花玉簪和鴨跖草,并且百日草在200 mg Pb/L時的轉移系數(shù)仍高于100 mg Pb/L時的轉移系數(shù)。這說明四季海棠、百日草、紫茉莉、紫花玉簪和鴨跖草不僅對Pb脅迫具有較強的耐性,而且具有較高的Pb富集能力和轉移能力。 6、土培試驗結果表明,1)供試花卉植物中,紫茉莉、蜀葵、四季海棠和茶花鳳仙的地上部最大Pb含量都超過了100 mg-kg-1,其順序為紫茉莉蜀葵四季海棠茶花鳳仙,并且它們的地上部Pb含量和Pb富集系數(shù)均顯著高于其它花卉植物。2)供試花卉植物中,Pb轉移系數(shù)最高值可達0.45以上的有紫茉莉、銀邊天竺葵、金邊天竺葵、八寶景天,同時它們高濃度Pb處理下的轉移系數(shù)均顯著高于低濃度的。從花卉植物地上部修復能力來看,四季海棠的修復效率和Pb遷移總量最高,其次是紫茉莉、蜀葵、茶花鳳仙、萬壽菊、百日草,但都沒有超過0.2%。3)綜合以上研究結果可知,紫茉莉不僅對Pb脅迫具有較強的耐性,而且具有較高的Pb富集能力和轉移能力,在Pb污染土壤的修復方面具有較大的應用價值。從花卉植物地上部修復能力來看,四季海棠、紫茉莉、百日草、茶花鳳仙對Pb污染土壤有良好的修復潛力,蜀葵、茶花鳳仙和萬壽菊的修復潛力亦不可忽視。 綜上所述,通過系統(tǒng)研究適于長春市種植的32種常見花卉植物對Pb的生長反應及富集特征,從中發(fā)現(xiàn)了4種具備Pb超富集潛力的花卉植物,即四季海棠、百日草、紫茉莉和紫花玉簪,這4種花卉植物的Pb富集量均超過1000 mg-kg-1,富集系數(shù)均大于1,證明能夠從花卉植物中篩選出對Pb具有較強耐性和富集能力的品種,利用花卉植物進行Pb污染土壤的修復是可行的,在降低土壤Pb含量的同時美化了城市環(huán)境,這為長春市Pb污染土壤的修復提供了新的模式。
[Abstract]:Heavy metal pollution in urban soil is becoming more and more serious, especially lead (Pb) pollution has led to the increase of blood Pb in urban children. Plant remediation has become an effective method for remediation of contaminated soil with its advantages of low cost and environmental friendliness, which has become a hot topic at home and abroad. This paper takes Changchun as an example to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the urban surface soil and Pb pollution. Secondly, through the analysis of the absorption of lead in the leaves of 12 greening plants, the plant species with strong absorbability to the air lead can be selected to provide a theoretical basis for the remediation of urban soil lead pollution. As the representative of the leaves, the grade of lead pollution in the atmosphere was preliminarily judged. The soil Pb pollution was mainly due to traffic pollution and others. People often ignored the natural deciduous or artificial application of organic manure to the soil. Therefore, the effect of organic materials on the adsorption of Pb in the urban soil was preliminarily discussed, and the flower plants were fully affirmed. It has great potential, and then through sand culture, hydroponics and soil culture experiments, 32 kinds of common plants (including a string of red, embroidered chrysanthemum, purple flower jade hairpin, orin, iris, chrysanthemum, Ishi Take, chrysanthemum, floret, chrysanthemum, calendula, geranium, geranium, Red Prince, brocade, mabanus, camellia, pimentum, and roentgrass) are studied. Marigold, dahlia, Ba, Chinese rose, Canna, silvery geranium, color leaf grass, Phnom Penh, pennilus, Petunia, peacock grass, eight treasure Sedum, Rhizoma orchid, shoot dry), the growth response of Pb stress and the enrichment of Pb in plants, and the selection of Pb enriched and suitable flower varieties suitable for Northern plants to explore flowers and plants. The theoretical and practical basis for the technology of Pb contaminated soil in complex cities is summarized.
1, taking Changchun as an example, the results of the physical and chemical properties of the urban surface soil and the evaluation of Pb pollution show that the physical properties of the surface soil of the city are slightly poor, but most of them are beneficial to the normal growth of plant roots, and the chemical indexes are at a high level in general. The Pb content of the surface soil in the urban area of Changchun is very different, and the average variation is from 18.7 to 125.8 mg. The content of 57.1 mg. Kg-1. was evaluated by Pb pollution index method and geo accumulation index method. The surface soil Pb in Changchun city was generally at a mild to moderate pollution level.
2, by determining the content of Pb in the leaves of 12 plant species on both sides of 14 main streets, the results of air quality evaluation of the pollution index were calculated by single pollution index method. The results showed that by cluster analysis, the 12 plants had the strongest absorption ability to Pb, followed by poplar, Pinus tabulaeformis, Petunia and color leaf grass, and the absorption energy of Pb The weakest tree species are elm, Ligustrum lucidum, Ligustrum lucidum, and eight treasure Sedum. The air quality grade is calculated by the single pollution index evaluation method. The atmospheric Pb pollution of Hongqi Street and Comrade Street in Changchun is seriously polluted, the north entrance of the railway station is a severe polluted area, the exhibition Avenue has reached moderate pollution, the people's street and the nanhu road are mild. Pollution area, no pollution is triumphant Road, Qianjie street and Yanan road.
3, the original samples of urban soil organic materials and the isothermal adsorption curves of HLA and HLM to Pb2+ showed that leaves, turf grass and cow dung and HLA, HLM adsorption of Pb2+ increased with the increase of Pb2+ concentration in the equilibrium solution; at the same initial concentration, the order of Pb2+ adsorption was leaf cow dung turfgrass, for the same initial concentration. In the same organic material, the order of the adsorption of Pb2+ in turf grass and leaves is HLMHLA, HLAHLM. The adsorption isotherms of each component can be described well with Freundlich, Langmiur and Temkin equations, and all have significant linear correlation. The order of adsorption isotherms is consistent with the regularity of the adsorption isotherm curves, the order of maximum adsorption is HLAHLM It's the original.
4, the results of seed germination test showed that the strongest resistance to Pb stress in the plant was the seeds of iris root, followed by the seeds of herb and purple jasmine, and the worst tolerance was the seed of chrysanthemum. Compared with the control, the root length of the peacock grass and the hundred Japanese grass decreased by 66.2%, 55.1% respectively, and the chrysanthemum declined by 85.2%. to explain the seed young roots. The most resistant flowers to Pb are peacock grass and herb, the weakest is the influence of.Pb stress on the growth of the seedlings after germination, and further confirmed that the four strong tolerance of plant roots to Pb are Iris japonica, Camellia Impatiens, sachergrass and peacock grass, and the order of strength and weakness is the malachite grass peacock.
5, the results of hydroponic test showed that the maximum Pb content in the upper ground of Begonia, herb, purple jasmine and purple flower hairpin reached the critical content standard of the hyperaccumulator, and the Pb content and enrichment coefficient of the above ground were the largest in all the treatments. All of the plants were significantly higher than those of other plants, P. The maximum value of B transfer coefficient is more than 0.8, such as four seasons Begonia, herb, purple jasmine, purple flower hairpin and jalgrass, and the transfer coefficient of B. Purea at 200 mg Pb/L is still higher than that of 100 mg Pb/L. It has high Pb enrichment ability and transfer ability.
6, the results of soil culture test showed that 1) the maximum Pb content of purple jasmine, marshmus, crabapple, and Camellia Impatiens were more than 100 mg-kg-1, and the order of them was the Camellia sinensis, and the Pb content in the upper ground and the Pb rich coefficient were significantly higher than those of the other flower plants.2). In the compound, the highest Pb transfer coefficient was more than 0.45: purple jasmine, silver side geranium, Phnom pennum, geranium and eight treasure Sedum, and the transfer coefficient of the high concentration Pb was significantly higher than that of low concentration. From the top of the plant, the repair efficiency and the total migration of Pb were the highest, followed by the purple jasmine and the Shu. Sunflower, Camellia Impatiens, marigold, Herba Herba, but not more than 0.2%.3), the results of the comprehensive study show that the purple jasmine not only has strong resistance to Pb stress, but also has a higher Pb enrichment and transfer ability, and has great application value in the remediation of Pb contaminated soil. From the upper repair ability of flower plants, four Ji Haitang, mirabilis Jones, day lily and Camellia balsam have good potential to restore Pb contaminated soil, and the restoring potential of marshmallow, Camellia Impatiens and marigold flowers should not be neglected.
To sum up, through the systematic study of the growth response and enrichment characteristics of 32 common flower plants planted in Changchun, 4 kinds of flower plants with the potential of Pb hyperenrichment have been found, that is, Begonia, eriergrass, purple jasmine and purple flower hairpin, and the Pb enrichment of the 4 plants is more than 1000 mg-kg-1, and the enrichment coefficient is all greater than that of the 4 flower plants. 1, it is proved to be able to screen the varieties with strong resistance and enrichment to Pb from flowers and plants. It is feasible to use flowers and plants to repair Pb contaminated soil. It can reduce the Pb content of soil and beautify the urban environment, which provides a new model for the remediation of Pb contaminated soil in Changchun.

【學位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：X53;X825;X173

【引證文獻】

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本文編號：1857419