本文選題：元胞自動機　切入點：行人流　出處：《廣西師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著社會和經(jīng)濟的持續(xù)發(fā)展、城市化進程持續(xù)加快以及人口迅速增長,城市不斷涌現(xiàn)影劇院、購物中心、會展中心等人員密集的公共場所。同時,城市遭受災(zāi)害和重大突發(fā)性事件的威脅也越來越嚴(yán)重,近年來地震、火災(zāi)、踩踏等事故頻繁發(fā)生,造成大量人員傷亡在緊急事件發(fā)生時,如何進行科學(xué)、有效的人員疏散是一個亟待解決的問題,已經(jīng)成為公共安全和消防安全工程領(lǐng)域研究的熱點和重點。因此,研究人員疏散過程中個體微觀行為特征、整體宏觀行為特征和疏散現(xiàn)象的生成機制具有重要的實際意義。 人員疏散是一個極其復(fù)雜的非線性物理問題,對行人運動特征、疏散現(xiàn)象的生成機制以及疏散相關(guān)問題的研究已經(jīng)形成了行人流動力學(xué)相關(guān)理論,并建立了各種各樣的行人流仿真模型。其中,元胞自動機模型被廣泛應(yīng)用于行人流和人員疏散的模擬研究,因為元胞自動機是一個時間、空間和狀態(tài)變量都離散的數(shù)學(xué)模型,可以省去求解微分方程而直接通過制定規(guī)則來模擬非線性物理現(xiàn)象,具有較強的模擬各種物理系統(tǒng)和自然現(xiàn)象的能力。 本文在現(xiàn)有的行人流元胞自動機模型基礎(chǔ)上,考慮行人實際的行為特征和典型公共場所的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)特點,合理調(diào)整行人運動規(guī)則,建立新的人員疏散元胞自動機模型。計算機模擬研究了在不同情景下人員疏散過程,分析了各種因素對人員疏散時間的影響,并探討了疏散動力學(xué)行為的生成機制。 本文的主要工作如下： 1.考慮教室內(nèi)桌椅對人員運動速度的影響,建立了存在座位區(qū)域和過道區(qū)域的人員疏散元胞自動機模型。分析了人員密度、不同出口位置及課桌布局對人員疏散時間的影響。數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果表明,在座位區(qū)域人員密度越大,對疏散的影響越明顯,增加了疏散時間；當(dāng)出口設(shè)在側(cè)面時,出口不應(yīng)正對課桌和座位,緊靠兩側(cè)墻應(yīng)有縱向過道,尤其緊靠出口墻壁側(cè)留有縱向過道對疏散有利；縱向過道的數(shù)目和寬度對疏散都有影響,設(shè)計布局時,應(yīng)使人員能較快離開座位區(qū)域,而在出口又不形成致密擁堵,以達到最優(yōu)疏散效率。 2.大型影劇院內(nèi)光線不良,或者停電、火災(zāi)等緊急事件發(fā)生時,導(dǎo)致行人視線受影響。該情況下的疏散過程與正常疏散情況不同,會呈現(xiàn)不一樣的疏散流動力學(xué)特征。為了研究行人視線受影響的疏散過程,在先前建立的人員疏散模型的基礎(chǔ)上,提出一種改進的元胞自動機疏散模型。在模型中,疏散空間根據(jù)不同的行人視野半徑可劃分為可見出口區(qū)域和盲目區(qū)域；行人在不同區(qū)域移動行為不同,包括行人向出口移動、行人定向移動、沿墻移動和變化運動方向等行為。采用該模型對影院內(nèi)的人員疏散過程進行模擬研究,并討論了不同可見出口區(qū)域半徑對疏散過程的影響。數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果表明,可見出口區(qū)域半徑是影響人員疏散的關(guān)鍵因素；盲目區(qū)域內(nèi)行人選擇運動方向并移動的盲目性和隨意性延誤了總體疏散時間。最后研究盲區(qū)過道上安裝疏散指示標(biāo)志的疏散情況,并與前面的疏散情況進行比較。結(jié)果表明,過道上安裝疏散指示標(biāo)志對整個疏散過程十分有利。 3.為了更細(xì)致地描述人員疏散過程中的行人運動行為,考慮了行人可具有多個運動方向和多種運動速度的情況,借鑒了多網(wǎng)格模型的思想,將行人占據(jù)的空間劃分為多個小網(wǎng)格,構(gòu)建了一種新的多網(wǎng)格模型。模擬研究房間內(nèi)人員疏散過程,得到了傳統(tǒng)單網(wǎng)格模型無法描述人員疏散動力學(xué)行為：①行人在單個時間步的運動距離與行人的尺寸不匹配；②行人在出口處于雜亂排列狀態(tài)；③出口被單個行人獨占,較好描述了出口對流量的限制效應(yīng)。分析了行人數(shù)目和出口寬度對疏散時間的影響,并與單網(wǎng)格模型的情況進行比較。數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果對緊急情況下的人員疏散具有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。 最后,對全文的工作進行了總結(jié)和概括,并指出一些有待研究的問題,對今后行人疏散流的研究方向進行了展望。
[Abstract]:With the continuous development of society and economy, city urbanization continues to accelerate and the rapid population growth, emerging city theaters, shopping malls, crowded public places of exhibition center. At the same time, city disasters and major emergencies are more serious threats in recent years, earthquake, fire, stampede and other accidents occur frequently that caused heavy casualties in the event of an emergency, how to carry out scientific and effective evacuation is an urgent problem, has become a hot spot in the research of public security and fire safety engineering and key. Therefore, in the process of evacuation of individual micro behavior of researchers, has important practical significance to overall macroeconomic behavior the formation mechanism and evacuation phenomenon.
The evacuation is a very complex nonlinear physical problems of pedestrian movement characteristics, study the formation mechanism of evacuation phenomena and related issues have formed the theories of the pedestrian flow mechanics, and the establishment of a variety of pedestrian flow simulation model. The cellular automaton model has been widely used in the simulation of pedestrian flow and personnel the evacuation, because cellular automaton is a mathematical model of space and time, the state variables are discrete, can avoid solving differential equations directly through the development of rules to simulate the nonlinear physical phenomenon, has the ability to simulate various physical systems and strong natural phenomena.
Based on the existing pedestrian flow based on cellular automaton model, the architecture characteristics considering the practical behavior characteristics of pedestrian and typical public places, reasonable adjustment of pedestrian movement rules, the establishment of a new evacuation cellular automaton model. Computer simulation of evacuation process in different situation, analyzes the influence of various factors on the staff the evacuation time, and to explore the mechanism of evacuation dynamics.
The main work of this article is as follows:
1. consider the impact of classroom desks and chairs on the staff of the speed of movement, established the seat area and aisle regional evacuation cellular automaton model. Analysis of the personnel density, the influence of different exit positions and desk layout on evacuation time. The numerical simulation results show that the seat area personnel density is, the more obvious for evacuation influence of the evacuation time increase; when the outlet is arranged on the side surface, the export should not be on the desks and seats, on both sides of the wall should be close to the aisle, especially close to the outlet side of the wall. The aisles have favorable for the evacuation; the number and width of aisle have influence on the evacuation design layout, should make the personnel can quickly leave the seat in the region, and exports to form a dense congestion, in order to achieve optimal evacuation efficiency.
2. large theaters in poor light, or power, fire and other emergency incidents, resulting in pedestrian sight is affected. The evacuation process in this case is different from the normal evacuation, evacuation dynamics will present different features. In order to study pedestrian Los affected the evacuation process, based on the previously established evacuation model staff, this paper proposes an improved cellular automaton model. In the model, the evacuation space can be divided into exit visible area and blind area according to the pedestrian sight radius; pedestrians in different areas of mobile behavior, including pedestrians moved to the exit, pedestrian oriented mobile, moving along the wall and the change of movement direction and so on using the model of theater personnel. In the evacuation process simulation, and discuss the influence of exit visible area on the evacuation process. Numerical simulation results show that the, Exit visible area is the key factor in evacuation; pedestrian in blind area select the direction of movement and move blindly and randomly delayed the overall evacuation time. Finally the study blind aisle installed evacuation evacuation signs, and contrasted it with the previous evacuation. The results show that the aisles with evacuation signs very good for the evacuation process.
3. for pedestrian dynamics more detailed description of the evacuation process, the pedestrian can have multiple motion direction and velocity variety of situation, from the idea of multi grid model, divide the occupied space of a pedestrian into many small grids, constructed a new multi grid model of personnel evacuation process. Simulation of the room, the traditional single grid model to describe the dynamic behavior of pedestrian evacuation in a single time step movement distance and pedestrian size does not match; the pedestrians in the exit are out of alignment; the outlet is a single pedestrian exclusive, better to describe the effect of exit restrictions on the flow of pedestrians. The number and exit width on the time of evacuation, and compared with single grid model. The results of numerical simulation of evacuation in case of emergency personnel has certain guiding meaning Righteousness.
Finally, the work of the full text is summarized and summarized, and some problems to be studied are pointed out, and the research direction of the pedestrian evacuation flow in the future is prospected.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：N945.12;O415

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