本文選題：植被發(fā)育斜坡 + 滑坡　； 參考：《昆明理工大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：上個世紀(jì)中期以來,受全球變暖趨勢強(qiáng)力驅(qū)動,極端異常天氣事件及其引爆的山區(qū)流域天然植被發(fā)育斜坡群發(fā)性失穩(wěn)地災(zāi)事件不僅發(fā)生頻率越來越高,而且威脅人們生命財產(chǎn)安全及破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境,因此深入研究該問題具有重大的現(xiàn)實意義。既有關(guān)于降雨型滑坡研究側(cè)重于間接關(guān)系的降雨與滑坡和直接聯(lián)系的地下水與滑坡方面,居于重要基礎(chǔ)性地位的降雨向地下水轉(zhuǎn)化過程研究被邊緣化。盡管人們已經(jīng)開始注意到優(yōu)先流對天然斜坡降雨入滲的影響,但研究水平仍然不高,研究機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步深入和完善。因此,本文基于室內(nèi)外試驗、理論分析及解析解計算等方法,進(jìn)行了植被發(fā)育斜坡非飽和帶優(yōu)先流路徑及根-土環(huán)隙流研究。全文開展的主要工作和獲得的主要成果如下：1、對頭寨溝和段家營試驗區(qū)5個試驗點的天然植被發(fā)育斜坡非飽和帶土體物理、化學(xué)和水理特性進(jìn)行了野外現(xiàn)場和室內(nèi)試驗,結(jié)果表明：頭寨溝試驗區(qū)土體容積含水率、孔隙比、滲透系數(shù)、容水度、給水度均大于段家營試驗區(qū),而天然密度、干密度、比重、持水度、粘粒及礫粒含量則反之；2種土體均屬高壓縮性疏松土和酸性土,前者屬膨脹土,收縮率空間變異大,且更傾向于有機(jī)質(zhì)土；馬卡山土體風(fēng)化程度低于李凹山。2、從有效大孔隙視角,制作室內(nèi)大孔隙物理模型,模擬現(xiàn)場染色示蹤試驗,基于顆粒堆積理論和勾股定理,對大孔隙下限尺度進(jìn)行了試驗界定,得出結(jié)論：提出一種較為簡便的測試土體大孔隙下限尺度的方法—粒徑反算法,并定量計算初步獲得了大孔隙的一個下限尺度值為32.46μm;大孔隙功能、亞甲基藍(lán)理化性質(zhì)、有機(jī)質(zhì)、礦物質(zhì)均影響大孔隙界定過程；受研究方法、目的和試驗儀器設(shè)備等條件的約束,大孔隙界定的爭議仍然存在。3、采集段家營試驗區(qū)高蓋度玄武巖斜坡典型植被云南松和狗牙根土體,基于水分穿透法,采用方差分析、回歸分析方法,進(jìn)行了對滑坡孕育及發(fā)生有顯著影響的土體優(yōu)先流路徑特征研究,分析得出結(jié)論：植被類型并不能控制土體大孔隙水分運動的整體發(fā)展規(guī)律,但影響水分穿透曲線的振幅及穩(wěn)定時間；云南松土體各層大孔隙量大于狗牙根,且2種植被土體均存在大直徑大孔隙量小,小直徑大孔隙量大的特征；大孔隙尺寸范圍受控于植被類型,而尺寸分布受其影響較��；大孔隙特征對不同植被土體水流速率的影響程度不同；有機(jī)質(zhì)和根系含量對不同植被土體大孔隙特征有不同程度影響；顆粒分布對云南松和狗牙根土體各層參量無顯著功效；得到大孔隙的又一個下限尺度值為600μm。4、保留坡面原始狀態(tài),模擬降雨過程,開展亞甲基藍(lán)染色示蹤試驗,結(jié)合水分穿透法,采集高精度染色剖面圖像,基于圖像處理、差方分析、回歸分析等方法研究了降雨過程中披覆植被斜坡土體優(yōu)先流分布模式及其影響因素。分析得出結(jié)論：木本植被群落土體剖面大孔隙流分布范圍更大,連續(xù)性程度更低,分化程度更高,染色模式更復(fù)雜；高蓋度斜坡土體降水更趨于順坡向垂直入滲；2種植被群落染色覆蓋率和染色路徑數(shù)量均值均隨深度增大而減小,且均表現(xiàn)為土體表層和底層的兩極分化；團(tuán)聚體顆粒本身可存在根系通道；活根形成的孔隙系統(tǒng)并不穩(wěn)定,死根在不同階段會形成不同的根系通道；根系對木本土體大孔隙流分布的影響程度大,而有機(jī)質(zhì)對草本土體大孔隙流分布的影響程度大;根系尺度并非控制大孔隙尺寸的唯一因素；與植被有關(guān)的根系和有機(jī)質(zhì)對大孔隙的形成及規(guī)模有積極貢獻(xiàn)；大孔隙分布特征顯著影響大孔隙流分布特征。5、基于一系列假設(shè),結(jié)合套管物理及數(shù)學(xué)模型,在小雷諾數(shù)條件下(層流狀態(tài))進(jìn)行了不同植被群落斜坡土體中根土環(huán)隙導(dǎo)流特性研究,并分析了根系對斜坡土體降水入滲影響。得出結(jié)論：木本和草本植被群落土體根土環(huán)隙尺寸及體積均隨土體深度增大而減�。呵罢咄馏w各層環(huán)隙尺寸均小于后者,環(huán)隙體積則反之：根系及環(huán)隙尺寸的差異造成水分流速最大值發(fā)生空間變異；相同環(huán)隙流道數(shù)量及雷諾數(shù)條件下,平均流速、最大流速及環(huán)隙貢獻(xiàn)率均隨深度增加而增大,流量則反之,且前者土體各層流速、流量及貢獻(xiàn)率均大于后者；植被類型、植株形態(tài)及根系長度、尺寸、數(shù)量、體積、生態(tài)位等均是影響土體根通道導(dǎo)流特性的重要因素；由根系形成的大孔隙具有小含量大送水量的特征。
[Abstract]:Since the middle of the last century, it has been strongly driven by the trend of global warming. Extreme abnormal weather events and the natural vegetation development slope of the mountain basin, which are detonated, are not only more and more frequent, but also threaten the safety of people's life and property and destroy the ecological environment. Therefore, it is very important to study the problem in depth. There are both rainfall and landslides and direct related groundwater and landslides which focus on the indirect relationship of rainfall and landslides. The research on the process of precipitation into groundwater is marginalized. Although people have begun to notice the effect of preferential flow on rainfall infiltration of natural slopes, the level of research is still However, the research mechanism needs further deepening and improvement. Therefore, based on the indoor and outdoor experiments, theoretical analysis and analytical solution calculation, the study on the preferential flow path of the unsaturated zone and the root soil annular flow in the vegetation development has been carried out. The main work and the main achievements of the full text are as follows: 1 The soil physical, chemical and water characteristics of the natural vegetation development slope of 5 test sites were carried out in field and laboratory tests. The results showed that the soil volume water content, pore ratio, permeability coefficient, water tolerance and water content of the pilot area of the head Zhai Gou test area were greater than those in the family camp test area, while natural density, dry density, specific gravity, water holding degree, The content of clay and gravel is the opposite, and the 2 kinds of soil belong to high compressibility unconsolidated soil and acid soil. The former belongs to expansive soil, and the spatial variation of shrinkage rate is larger and more inclined to organic soil. The weathering degree of the soil is lower than that of.2. The physical model of large pore space in the room is made from the effective macroporous perspective, and the field dyeing tracer test is based on the simulated field. The particle accumulation theory and the Pythagorean theorem are used to define the lower limit scale of the macropores. It is concluded that a simple method for measuring the size of the large pore size of the soil - particle size inverse algorithm is put forward, and the quantitative calculation has preliminarily obtained a lower limit of 32.46 mu m, the macropore function and the physicochemical properties of methylene blue. Organic matter and minerals all affect the process of defining macropores; under the constraints of research methods, purposes and testing instruments and equipment, there is still.3 in the dispute defined by macropores. The typical vegetation of the high coverage basalt slope in the collection section of the household test area is Yunnan pine and the soil of the dog root, based on the water penetration method, the analysis of variance, and the regression analysis. The method, study on the characteristics of the soil preferential flow path which has significant influence on the landslide breeding and occurrence. The conclusion is that the vegetation type can not control the overall development law of the mass pore water movement of the soil, but affects the amplitude and the stability time of the water penetration curve; the large pore volume of the Yunnan loose soil is larger than the dog root, and 2 plants are planted. The large pore size is small, small diameter and large pore volume, and the size range of macropore is controlled by the vegetation type, and the size distribution is less influenced by its size; the characteristics of macropore have different influence on the water flow rate of different vegetation soil, and the organic matter and the root content have different characteristics on the large pore characteristics of different vegetation soil. The particle distribution has no significant effect on the parameters of the soil layers of the Yunnan pine and the dog root. Another lower limit of the large pore is 600 mu m.4, the original state of the slope is preserved, the rainfall process is simulated, the methylene blue staining tracer test is carried out, the high precision dyeing section image is collected with the water penetration method, and the image processing is based on the image processing. Differential analysis, regression analysis and other methods have been used to study the distribution pattern of soil preferential flow in the claped vegetation and its influencing factors during the rainfall process. It is concluded that the distribution of large pore flow in the profile of the woody vegetation community is larger, the degree of continuity is lower, the degree of differentiation is higher, the dyeing model is more complex, and the precipitation of high coverage slope soil is more than that of the soil. The average dyeing coverage rate and the number of dyeing paths of 2 plant communities decreased with the increase of depth, and both showed the polarization of the surface and the bottom of the soil. The aggregate particles could have root channels, the pore system formed by the living roots was not stable, and the dead roots would form different roots at different stages. The root system has a great influence on the distribution of large pore flow in woody soil, and the influence of organic matter on the distribution of large pore flow is great; the root scale is not the only factor to control the size of the macropores; the root and organic matter related to the vegetation have a positive contribution to the formation and scale of the macropores; the distribution of macropores is obvious. Based on a series of assumptions, based on a series of hypotheses, combined with the physical and mathematical models of the cannula, the flow characteristics of the soil annular gap in the slope soil of different vegetation communities were studied under the small Reynolds number condition (laminar flow state), and the effect of root system on the infiltration of slope soil was analyzed. Conclusions: Woody and herbaceous vegetation communities were concluded. The size and volume of soil annular gap decreases with the increase of soil depth: the gap size of each layer in the former is smaller than that of the latter, and the volume of the annular gap is the opposite: the difference in the size of the root and the ring gap causes the spatial variation of the maximum water flow velocity, and the average velocity, the maximum velocity and the annular gap in the same annular channel number and the Reynolds number condition. The contribution rate increased with the depth, and the flow rate was opposite, and the flow rate, the flow rate and the contribution rate of the soil layers were all larger than the latter. The vegetation type, the plant morphology and the root length, the size, the quantity, the volume and the ecological niche were all important factors affecting the conductivity of the soil root channel, and the large pore formed by the root system had small content and large water supply. The characteristics of the quantity.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：昆明理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：P642.22

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