【摘要】：近年來,德國大力推進(jìn)可再生能源發(fā)展,其可再生能源利用率處于世界領(lǐng)先水平,其發(fā)展在全世界具有鮮明的代表性。德國能夠取得這樣顯著的成果與其政府扶持和法律政策緊密相連,尤其得益于以可再生能源法為核心的整個(gè)法律體系。德國《可再生能源法2014》(EEG-2014)于2014年8月1日正式頒布實(shí)施,是德國目前適用的法律版本,也是目前世界上現(xiàn)行的最先進(jìn)最精細(xì)的可再生能源法。EEG-2014以實(shí)現(xiàn)能源供應(yīng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展為宗旨,在同時(shí)兼顧長期外部效應(yīng)的前提下降低能源供應(yīng)的國民經(jīng)濟(jì)成本,減少對傳統(tǒng)化石能源的使用,促進(jìn)可再生能源在能源供應(yīng)中所占比重穩(wěn)健提高,進(jìn)一步推動可再生能源發(fā)電技術(shù)的利用和開發(fā)。EEG-2014主要包括通用規(guī)定,并網(wǎng)、購電、輸電和配電,財(cái)政支持,平衡方案,透明度,法律保護(hù)和官方程序,發(fā)布法令、報(bào)告、過渡性規(guī)定的授權(quán)等7大部分,共104條加4個(gè)附件。其內(nèi)容龐大條款復(fù)雜,規(guī)定全面完善且細(xì)致入微,可操作性極強(qiáng),執(zhí)行力極高,具有受歐盟法律約束、規(guī)劃戰(zhàn)略部署與調(diào)整機(jī)制、要求優(yōu)先并網(wǎng)和EEG附加費(fèi)、降低新建設(shè)備的資助額度、通過招標(biāo)確定資助額度、規(guī)定直接銷售義務(wù)、推行用電密集型企業(yè)分?jǐn)偠悳p免政策、細(xì)化針對自產(chǎn)自銷政策、作出現(xiàn)有投資的過渡性規(guī)定和提出未來規(guī)劃等顯著特點(diǎn)。隨著實(shí)踐的發(fā)展,EEG-2014也在不斷進(jìn)行修改變化。經(jīng)過多次較大的修訂完善,實(shí)施已久的固定上網(wǎng)電價(jià)補(bǔ)貼政策將被競拍機(jī)制全面取代,新的競拍系統(tǒng)將更加注重可再生能源發(fā)展的市場化和低成本,公開競價(jià)將為可再生能源項(xiàng)目注入更多的活力。我國也在大力推進(jìn)能源轉(zhuǎn)型進(jìn)程,采取多種措施促進(jìn)可再生能源的開發(fā)與利用,并出臺專門法律政策指引和保障可再生能源的發(fā)展。但是由于多方面原因我國的可再生能源發(fā)展較為緩慢,可再生能源法律體系還處于急需發(fā)展和完善的階段。他山之石,可以攻玉。研究德國的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),結(jié)合中國實(shí)際,建議注重科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)立法,提高法律規(guī)范的可操作性;逐步完善可再生能源發(fā)電的定價(jià)機(jī)制;明確相關(guān)法律主體的權(quán)利義務(wù)與法律責(zé)任;建立和完善公眾參與制度;建立和完善監(jiān)督管理體制;市場與計(jì)劃相結(jié)合,推進(jìn)可再生能源市場化發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:In recent years, Germany has made great efforts to promote the development of renewable energy, and its renewable energy utilization rate is in the leading level in the world, and its development is representative in the world. Germany's ability to achieve such remarkable results is closely linked to its government support and legal policies, particularly thanks to the entire legal system with a renewable energy law at its core. The German Renewable Energy Law 2014 (EEG-2014) was officially promulgated and implemented on 1 August 2014. it is the current applicable version of the law in Germany, EEG-2014 aims to achieve sustainable development of energy supply and reduce the cost of energy supply in the national economy on the premise of taking into account long-term external effects at the same time. Reduce the use of traditional fossil energy, promote a steady increase in the share of renewable energy in the energy supply, and further promote the utilization and development of renewable energy generation technologies. EEG-2014 mainly includes general provisions, grid-connection, and electricity purchase. Transmission and distribution, financial support, balance programs, transparency, legal protection and official procedures, issuance of decrees, reports, transitional provisions of the mandate, etc. 7 major parts, 104 articles plus 4 annexes. Its large-scale provisions are complex, comprehensive and detailed, highly operational, highly enforceable, and subject to EU law, planning for strategic deployment and adjustment mechanisms, and requiring priority to be connected to the grid and EEG surcharge. We will reduce the amount of funding for newly built equipment, determine the amount of funding through tender, stipulate direct sales obligations, implement a policy of tax reduction and exemption for electricity-intensive enterprises, and refine the policies for self-production and self-marketing. Make the transitional provisions of the existing investment and propose future planning and other salient features. With the development of practice, EEG-2014 is constantly changing. After a number of major revisions and improvements, the long-implemented fixed online tariff subsidy policy will be completely replaced by the auction mechanism, and the new auction system will pay more attention to the marketization and low cost of the development of renewable energy. Open bidding will inject more energy into renewable energy projects. China is also vigorously promoting the process of energy transformation, taking a variety of measures to promote the development and utilization of renewable energy, and promulgate special laws and policies to guide and ensure the development of renewable energy. However, due to many reasons, the development of renewable energy in our country is relatively slow, and the legal system of renewable energy is still in the stage of urgent development and perfection. The stone of other mountains can be used to attack jade. Based on the advanced experience of Germany and the reality of China, it is suggested to pay attention to scientific and rigorous legislation to improve the operability of legal norms, to gradually improve the pricing mechanism of renewable energy generation, to clarify the rights, obligations and legal responsibilities of the relevant legal subjects. Establish and perfect the public participation system; establish and perfect the supervision and management system; combine the market with the plan to promote the market-oriented development of renewable energy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華北電力大學(xué)(北京)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D951.6;DD912.6

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