【摘要】： 在國(guó)際貨物買賣中,提單是被廣泛使用的單據(jù),其便利和快捷使其能極大的促進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的迅速發(fā)展。它從產(chǎn)生至今歷經(jīng)了漫長(zhǎng)的歲月,它使國(guó)際運(yùn)輸中承、托雙方權(quán)利義務(wù)的明確及糾紛的解決有章可循。然而,關(guān)于提單的性質(zhì)尤其是提單與合同的關(guān)系,許多學(xué)者或?qū)Ｖ茨＠鈨煽?要么語焉不詳,要么自相矛盾,沒有明確、清楚、詳盡的論證。本文從學(xué)術(shù)探討的精神出發(fā),擬對(duì)提單與合同的關(guān)系作一明確的界定。 本文采用理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的方法,并緊密結(jié)合當(dāng)今提單在世界與中國(guó)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況,探討了提單的合同法律屬性。 本文共分四部分。 第一部分中,通過對(duì)提單的歷史考察,提煉出了提單的形成發(fā)展綱要。提單產(chǎn)生后其功能總是隨實(shí)踐的發(fā)展不斷的演化,它經(jīng)歷了早期運(yùn)輸合同的附件及主要條款的概括、貨物收據(jù)、運(yùn)輸合同條款證明及物權(quán)憑證幾大功能發(fā)展階段,終于發(fā)展至以單證交易為基石的現(xiàn)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易。 第二部分追溯了國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)中最有影響的提單立法。規(guī)范提單的國(guó)際立法當(dāng)屬三大國(guó)際公約：《海牙規(guī)則》、《維斯比規(guī)則》、《漢堡規(guī)則》。而規(guī)制提單的國(guó)內(nèi)法最具代表性的是英國(guó)的《1855年提單法》、《1992年海上貨物運(yùn)輸法》,美國(guó)的《哈特法》、《1916年提單法》。而在我國(guó),海商法對(duì)提單制度規(guī)定得相當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單。所以,2001年7月19日在寧波召開的全國(guó)海事法院院長(zhǎng)座談會(huì)后以最高人民法院的名義下發(fā)的《2001年全國(guó)海事法院院長(zhǎng)座談會(huì)紀(jì)要》和最高人民法院民事審判第四庭在2004年4月8日發(fā)布的《涉外商事海事審判實(shí)務(wù)問題解答》中對(duì)提單的合同屬性作了明確規(guī)定。 第三部分從提單的構(gòu)成要素、法律關(guān)系、運(yùn)行機(jī)制等方面對(duì)提單屬性進(jìn)行了初步的法理分析。提單的構(gòu)成要素有承運(yùn)人、托運(yùn)人、貨物；提單的法律關(guān)系則與其他法律關(guān)系一樣具有主體、客體、內(nèi)容(主體之間的法律權(quán)利與義務(wù))；提單的運(yùn)行機(jī)制包括提單的簽發(fā)流程、轉(zhuǎn)讓機(jī)制、提單糾紛的解決機(jī)制(違約之訴、侵權(quán)之訴)：提單的法律效力主要包括其物權(quán)效力、債權(quán)效力。 第四部分,根據(jù)前面對(duì)提單的分析,進(jìn)一步論證提單為什么具有合同屬性。從民法角度看,它與合同的成立要件是一致的：二者均為雙方的法律行為；提單與合同均是雙方意思表示一致的產(chǎn)物；提單也同樣具有合同成立應(yīng)具備的要約與承諾階段；提單與合同均為債發(fā)生的原因。然后論述提單的合同屬性認(rèn)定有重要的意義：即對(duì)提單持有人訴權(quán)的確定。最后確定我們應(yīng)該以發(fā)展的而不是以僵化的眼光去看待提單,事實(shí)上提單也總是在不斷的發(fā)展、變化之中。
[Abstract]:Bill of lading is a widely used document in the international sale of goods, which can greatly promote the rapid development of international trade. It has gone through a long period of time since its emergence. It makes international transportation clear the rights and obligations of both parties and the settlement of disputes. However, on the nature of bill of lading, especially the relationship between bill of lading and contract, many scholars or monographs are either ambiguous, vague or contradictory, without clear, clear and detailed argument. Based on the spirit of academic discussion, this paper intends to make a clear definition of the relationship between bill of lading and contract. This paper adopts the method of combining theory with practice, and discusses the contract legal attribute of bill of lading according to the reality of the development of bill of lading in the world and China. This paper is divided into four parts. In the first part, through the historical investigation of bill of lading, the formation and development outline of bill of lading is abstracted. The function of bill of lading always evolves with the development of practice. It has gone through several major functional stages of the early contract of carriage, such as the summary of the appendages and main clauses of the contract of carriage, the receipt of goods, the proof of the terms of the contract of carriage and the proof of title. Finally, the development of modern international trade based on document transactions. The second part traces the most influential bill of lading legislation at home and abroad. The international legislation regulating bill of lading should belong to three international conventions: the Hague rules, the Visby rules and the Hamburg rules. The most representative of the domestic laws governing bills of lading are the British Bill of Lading Act of 1855, the Maritime Carriage of goods Act 1992, the American Bill of Lading Act and the Bill of Lading Act of 1916. But in our country, the maritime law to the bill of lading system stipulation is quite simple. Therefore, after the forum of the presidents of the national maritime courts held in Ningbo on 19 July 2001, the Summary of the 2001 Symposium of the Presidents of the National Maritime Courts and the fourth Chamber of Civil Justice of the Supreme people's Court were issued in the name of the Supreme people's Court. The contract attribute of bill of lading is clearly stipulated in the practical questions of Foreign Commercial Maritime trial issued on April 8, 2004. The third part makes a preliminary legal analysis on the property of bill of lading from the aspects of the elements of bill of lading, legal relationship and operation mechanism. The constituent elements of bill of lading are carrier, shipper, goods; the legal relationship of bill of lading has subject, object and content (legal rights and obligations between subjects) as other legal relations. The operating mechanism of bill of lading includes the process of issuing bill of lading, the mechanism of transfer, the settlement mechanism of bill of lading dispute (the action of breach of contract, the action of tort): the legal effect of bill of lading mainly includes its real right effect and creditor's right effect. The fourth part, according to the previous analysis of the bill of lading, further demonstrates why the bill of lading has contractual attributes. From the point of view of civil law, it is consistent with the requirements of the establishment of the contract: both are the legal acts of both parties; the bill of lading and the contract are both the products of the agreement of intention between the two parties; the bill of lading also has the stage of offer and acceptance that the contract should have. Both the bill of lading and the contract are the cause of the debt. Then it discusses the contract attribute of bill of lading has important significance: namely to determine the right of action of the holder of bill of lading. Finally, we should look at the bill of lading in a developing rather than rigid way. In fact, the bill of lading is always developing and changing.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：D996.1

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 佟思進(jìn);國(guó)際海上貨物運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人責(zé)任制度演變研究[D];華東政法大學(xué);2013年

2 黃曉鴿;海商法中的承運(yùn)人責(zé)任制度研究[D];華東政法大學(xué);2013年

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本文編號(hào)：2161789