本文選題：無(wú)單放貨 + 研究�。� 參考：《上海海運(yùn)學(xué)院》2002年碩士論文

【摘要】： 無(wú)單放貨，作為一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期困擾航運(yùn)與海事司法界的“老大難”問(wèn)題，大家都知道其問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性與高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性，但在實(shí)務(wù)操作中又確有其必要性。近幾年來(lái)，因無(wú)單放貨產(chǎn)生糾紛導(dǎo)致訴訟的案件呈增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。筆者希望通過(guò)此篇文章，對(duì)無(wú)單放貨從實(shí)務(wù)與法律角度進(jìn)行深層次與比較全面的研究，以促進(jìn)與建立更加完善的海上貨物運(yùn)輸法律制度，使承運(yùn)人能適當(dāng)而安全地適用無(wú)單放貨，從而產(chǎn)生最佳的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，最終將促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展。 本文第一章從無(wú)單放貨的概念分析入手，無(wú)單放貨的含義從字面上理解應(yīng)包括兩個(gè)方面，“無(wú)單”即沒(méi)有正本提單，“放貨”即指放行或交付貨物，故無(wú)單放貨定義應(yīng)為“承運(yùn)人或其代理人、貨物監(jiān)管人沒(méi)有憑正本提單交付貨物的行為”，這一概念的概括擴(kuò)展了其外延，與我國(guó)司法審判實(shí)踐中使用無(wú)單放貨這一概念實(shí)際情況相符合。 第二章論述無(wú)單放貨的法律性質(zhì)，筆者認(rèn)為，無(wú)單放貨具有違約性，因?yàn)楸ＷC憑正本提單交付貨物是承運(yùn)人在履行海上貨物運(yùn)輸合同中的一項(xiàng)法定義務(wù)；無(wú)單放貨具有侵權(quán)性，只要無(wú)單放貨行為構(gòu)成承擔(dān)侵權(quán)行為民事責(zé)任的要件，無(wú)單放貨行為人就必須承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任；同時(shí)，無(wú)單放貨的違約性和侵權(quán)性可能構(gòu)成責(zé)任競(jìng)合時(shí)，我國(guó)法律允許受害人可以選擇一個(gè)訴因行使其請(qǐng)求權(quán)，但對(duì)實(shí)體法請(qǐng)求權(quán)的選擇，法律作出了一定范圍的限制；最后，無(wú)單放貨在某種程度上促進(jìn)了航運(yùn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，我們不能一概加以否定，無(wú)單放貨在特定情況下具有一定的合理性。 第三章論述我國(guó)海事法院及其上級(jí)法院就無(wú)單放貨案件審理的司法審判實(shí)踐研究，通過(guò)對(duì)十個(gè)法院判例的分析、歸納，筆者認(rèn)為，在司法實(shí)踐中，法院越來(lái)越傾向于將無(wú)單放貨糾紛視為運(yùn)輸合同糾紛處理，而不認(rèn)定為侵權(quán)行為糾紛；法院允許原告起訴時(shí)以侵權(quán)起訴或違約起訴作出選擇；法院對(duì)提單持有人的訴權(quán)認(rèn)定，已經(jīng)不采用“誰(shuí)持有提單誰(shuí)就有訴權(quán)”與“誰(shuí)持有提單就能保證勝訴”的觀點(diǎn)；有諸多的無(wú)單放貨的訴訟案例以被法院駁回起訴為結(jié)局，證明了無(wú)單放貨在特定情況下的合理性以及承運(yùn)人有避免承擔(dān)責(zé)任的可能性。 第四章重點(diǎn)論述關(guān)于無(wú)單放貨的法律責(zé)任承擔(dān)問(wèn)題。主要論述無(wú)單放貨的責(zé) 任主體主要是承運(yùn)人與承運(yùn)人的代理人。無(wú)單放貨損失界定的法律依據(jù)是我國(guó)《海 商法》、《合同法》以及《民法通則》的相關(guān)規(guī)定，責(zé)任人一般要承擔(dān)返還貨物或繼 續(xù)履行交付貨物，以及賠償貨物損失的責(zé)任。對(duì)賠償損失的計(jì)算，應(yīng)是貨物價(jià)值加 利息或違約金損失。貨物的價(jià)值一般為CIF 價(jià)格，但對(duì)買(mǎi)方來(lái)說(shuō)，其付款贖單后 還可以主張期得利益損失的賠償。承運(yùn)人或其代理人在無(wú)單放貨訴訟中提出的抗辯 可能被法院所接受的理山主要有以下幾點(diǎn)：提單持有人的行為構(gòu)成了對(duì)無(wú)單放貨的 認(rèn)可或?qū)σ蟪羞\(yùn)人憑正本提單交貨權(quán)利的放棄；承運(yùn)人可以援引租約或提單的規(guī) 定提出免責(zé)；承運(yùn)人運(yùn)用時(shí)效進(jìn)行抗辯。訴訟時(shí)效的起算與中斷應(yīng)適用《海商法》 的規(guī)定而不適用《民法通則》的規(guī)定。提單持有人的救濟(jì)措施包括向承運(yùn)人要求返 還貨物或賠償損失或向承運(yùn)人的代理人要求返還貨物或賠償貨物損失：當(dāng)托運(yùn)人作 為的提單持有人，其有權(quán)依照貿(mào)易合同關(guān)系向買(mǎi)方追索貨款；當(dāng)開(kāi)證行持有正本提 單時(shí)，其可依據(jù)委托刀’立信用證的合同關(guān)系，向開(kāi)證申請(qǐng)人主張信用證項(xiàng)下的款項(xiàng)。 無(wú)單放貨的保函如依法成立應(yīng)當(dāng)有效，但承運(yùn)人不能以此作為抗辯提單持有人的理 由，承運(yùn)人在接受擔(dān)保或保函時(shí)必須考慮出具擔(dān)�；虮：谋ＷC人的資信情況，并 審查擔(dān)�；虮：恼Z(yǔ)言與措詞。承運(yùn)人就無(wú)單放貨在賠償了提單持有人的損失后， 依法享有向第三人追償?shù)臋?quán)利。 第五章論述無(wú)單放訴訟的法律程序，就無(wú)單放貨糾紛案件的管轄與法律適用 原則，提單持有人在無(wú)單放貨訴訟中的舉證責(zé)任，以及如何舉證無(wú)單放貨有關(guān)事實(shí)， 提單持有人如何選擇訴因以及訴因選擇的不同會(huì)導(dǎo)致實(shí)體法律適用的不同與損害 賠償范圍的不同等問(wèn)題作了具體的論述。 筆者希望通過(guò)這篇論文的研究，能夠引起更多實(shí)業(yè)家與學(xué)者對(duì)無(wú)單放貨進(jìn)行 更加深入的研究，，以便對(duì)我國(guó)海商立法的進(jìn)一步完善與司法公正作出應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:In recent years , the author hopes to carry out a comprehensive study on non - order - free shipping from the perspective of practice and law , so as to promote and establish a more perfect legal system for the transportation of goods by sea , so that the carrier can properly and safely apply the non - order - free shipping to produce the best economic benefit , which will ultimately promote the development of productive forces .









The first chapter of this paper starts with the concept analysis without single discharge , and the meaning of non - single discharge should include two aspects : " no single " , i.e . without the original bill of lading , " placing goods " means the release or delivery of the goods , so the definition of non - order release shall be " the act of delivery of goods by the carrier or its agent and the goods supervisor " , which extends the extension of its extension and is in conformity with the actual situation of the use of non - single discharge in the practice of judicial trial in our country .









The second chapter discusses the legal nature of the goods without single discharge , and the author thinks that the goods without single discharge have the default property , because the delivery of goods on the basis of the original bill of lading is a legal obligation of the carrier in the performance of the contract of carriage of goods by sea .
There is no infringement of single discharge , so long as there is no single discharge behavior , it is necessary to bear the civil liability of tort , and the person who has no single discharge must bear the liability for compensation ;
At the same time , when the default and the infringement of the goods without single discharge may constitute the responsibility competition , the law of our country allows the victim to choose a case against the exercise of his claim , but the choice of the right to claim the substantive law , the law makes a certain range of restrictions ;
Finally , there is no single discharge which promotes the development of shipping industry to a certain extent . We can ' t deny it , and there is certain rationality in the specific situation .









The third chapter discusses the judicial trial practice of maritime court and its superior court in the case of no single discharge . Through the analysis and induction of ten court cases , the author thinks that in the practice of judicial practice , the court is more and more inclined to treat the non - single discharge dispute as the handling of transportation contract dispute , but not the dispute of tort ;
The court allows the plaintiff to make a choice in the case of an infringement suit or a breach of contract in case of prosecution ;
The court ' s claim to the holder of the bill of lading has not adopted " who holds the bill of lading who has the right to appeal " and " who holds the bill of lading to guarantee victory " ;
There are a number of cases of litigation that have been rejected by the court as a result of the court ' s rejection of the indictment , demonstrating the reasonableness of the absence of a single release under certain circumstances and the possibility of the carrier to avoid liability .









Chapter Four focuses on the liability of non - single discharge . It mainly discusses the responsibility of non - single discharge .



















The principal part is the carrier and the carrier ' s agent . The legal basis for the definition of the loss of goods without single discharge is China ' s territorial sea









The relevant provisions of the Commercial Law , the Contract Law and the Law of the Civil Law of the People ' s Republic of China stipulate that the responsible person shall generally bear the return of the goods or relay









The continued performance of the delivery of goods , as well as the liability for the loss of goods , shall be the value of the goods in respect of the calculation of the damages .









Interest or loss of liquidated damages . The value of the goods is generally CIF , but for the buyer , after the payment of the redemption order ,









Compensation for loss of interest for a period of interest . defences , or agents thereof , in the absence of a single release









The following points are likely to be accepted by the court : the act of the holder of the bill of lading constitutes a single discharge









Approval or waiver of the carrier ' s right to deliver on the basis of the original Bill of Lading ;
The carrier may invoke the rules of the lease or bill of lading









To be exempted from liability ;
The limitation of the carrier ' s application of statute of limitation shall apply to the Law of Maritime Commercial Law .









The provisions of the Law on Bills of Lading shall not apply to the provisions of the General Provisions of the Civil Law . The relief measures of the holder of the bill of lading shall include the return of the carrier to the carrier









Loss of goods or damages or loss to the carrier ' s agent for the return of goods or compensation for loss of goods :









The holder of the bill of lading shall have the right to recover the goods to the buyer in accordance with the trade contract relationship ;
When the issuing bank holds the original









In the case of a documentary , it may , in accordance with the contractual relationship between the entrusting party and the L / C , issue the payment under the Credit to the applicant .









A letter of guarantee without a single discharge shall be valid in accordance with the law , but the carrier shall not act as the holder of the defence bill of lading









Where the carrier is receiving a guarantee or letter of guarantee , the carrier must consider the letter of credit of the guarantor issuing the guarantee or guarantee , and









A review of the language and wording of a guarantee or letter of guarantee . The carrier does not have a single release after compensation for the loss of the holder of the bill of lading ,









The right to claim compensation to the third person in accordance with the law .









The fifth chapter discusses the legal procedure without single - place litigation , and it is applicable to the jurisdiction and law of the case without single discharge .









principle , the proof of proof of the holder of the bill of lading in the absence of a single discharge , and how to prove the fact that there is no single discharge ,









how that holder of L / L choose the cause of the bill of lading as well as the difference and damage which may lead to the application of the entity ' s law due to the different choice









The scope of compensation is discussed in detail .









The author hopes that through the research of this paper , more industrialists and scholars will be able to carry on the goods without single release .









More in - depth research should be made to further improve the legislation of maritime commerce in our country and make due contribution to the judicial justice .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海海運(yùn)學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2002
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D922.294

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 劉麗芳;無(wú)單放貨若干法律問(wèn)題研究[D];上海海事大學(xué);2007年

2 劉鈺;無(wú)單放貨的責(zé)任歸屬與例外研究[D];天津財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué);2008年

本文編號(hào)：1940529