本文選題：消費者合同　切入點：格式條款　出處：《西南政法大學》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：在19世紀,無論是大陸法系國家,還是英美法系國家,契約的觀念都深入人心,契約自由成為各國合同法普遍遵守的基本原則,19世紀因此被譽為“契約的世紀”。但隨著19世紀后期到來,社會經(jīng)濟的迅速發(fā)展,合同雙方當事人經(jīng)濟地位的差距日益懸殊,絕對的契約自由開始衰落。尤其是格式條款的廣泛采用,具有雄厚經(jīng)濟實力的大企業(yè)經(jīng)營者對弱勢的消費者契約自由的侵蝕,“合同自由大部分已經(jīng)成為幻影”。不僅如此,企業(yè)經(jīng)營者也基于其在提供商品或服務(wù)的專業(yè)優(yōu)勢,以格式條款的形式侵害消費者的權(quán)益,而消費者卻對此鮮有救濟的途徑與能力。對此,各國紛紛開始通過立法對“絕對的契約自由”加以限制,并通過行政管理等手段對合同內(nèi)容進行監(jiān)督和管理。契約正義應(yīng)與契約自由同等重要,根據(jù)正義的要求,合同雙方當事人都有權(quán)在訂立合同之時平等自由地表達自己的意愿,按誠信原則之內(nèi)容,依契約之約定履行義務(wù),而不能將契約作為謀取自身不合理甚至非法利益的工具。例如,《德國民法典》專章對格式條款的定義、納入合同的規(guī)則以及對不公平格式條款的規(guī)制做出相應(yīng)的規(guī)定;日本專門制定《消費者契約法》針對格式條款形成了以“民法基本原則為基礎(chǔ)的私法規(guī)制模式”的規(guī)制模式。20世紀90年代以來,日益增加的格式條款糾紛使得國內(nèi)立法者意識到規(guī)范格式條款的必要性,相繼出臺了《合同法》、《消費者權(quán)益保護法》、《海商法》、《保險法》等多部法律以及相關(guān)規(guī)定對格式條款作出了初步的規(guī)范。雖現(xiàn)行規(guī)定仍存在一定問題,但就規(guī)制格式條款而言還是發(fā)揮著重要的作用。本文主要的論述對象為消費者合同中的不公平格式條款,將關(guān)于消費者合同中的格式條款的內(nèi)容分為不公平判斷標準、效力標準以及行政規(guī)制手段等五個部分,分別進行論述。第一部分為消費者合同中不公平格式條款的現(xiàn)狀及問題。簡述了消費者合同、消費者、經(jīng)營者等基本概念,以及一般不公平格式條款與消費者合同中不公平格式條款的各自的特點及二者的區(qū)別。其次,簡單地對消費者合同中不公平格式條款的適用現(xiàn)狀進行說明,并有針對性地分析了我國現(xiàn)行規(guī)定,從而發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)行法律規(guī)定并未對格式條款形成統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范及現(xiàn)行規(guī)定下關(guān)于消費者合同中格式條款存在的問題。最后將現(xiàn)行規(guī)定下存在的問題從三個方面進行闡述,即實體法問題、行政規(guī)制問題以及司法救濟問題。第二部分為消費者合同中格式條款的不公平的判斷標準。該部分從比較法的角度,分別就德國法、英國法、日本法以及大陸規(guī)定和臺灣規(guī)定中有關(guān)格式條款不公平的判斷標準進行了論述。德國《民法典》第307-309條列出“黑名單”、“灰名單”及原則性判斷標準作為格式條款不公平的判斷依據(jù);英國則以專門法案針對所有不公平條款作出了規(guī)定,這些規(guī)定同樣適用于格式條款的不公平判斷;日本《消費者契約法》第8-10條規(guī)定消費者契約中不公平格式條款的類型,這些不公平格式條款因其內(nèi)容造成合同雙方權(quán)利義務(wù)的重大失衡而效力被否定;我國臺灣地區(qū)“消費者保護法”及配套的實施細則規(guī)定了不公平格式條款概念化、抽象性的判斷標準,因此對格式條款不公平的判斷還需法官的裁量;而我國大陸地區(qū)主要規(guī)定了違反《合同法》第52、53條所具體規(guī)定的以及免除或限制經(jīng)營者責任,抑或是加重消費者義務(wù)等幾類不公平條款,但法律規(guī)定之間存在相沖突之處。第三部分為消費者合同中不公平格式條款的效力判斷。對不公平格式條款的效力判斷需綜合考量合同類型、締約情形、雙方當事人權(quán)利義務(wù)是否嚴重失衡等因素來進行判斷�？筛鶕�(jù)效力類別將不公平格式條款的效力分為無效、可撤銷兩個部分,一般而言效力無效的不公平格式條款內(nèi)容違反法律強制性規(guī)定或存在造成消費者重大利益受損的可能;效力可撤銷的不公平格式條款內(nèi)容的不公平程度并未達到嚴重不公平的程度或者可能因經(jīng)營者未履行相應(yīng)的義務(wù)而導致法律效力被部分否定。第四部分為消費者合同中不公平格式條款的行政規(guī)制。主要分為了納入與不納入審查、締約前的事先審核制度包括了格式條款的備案制度、聽證制度及公告制度;而雙方當事人進入對合同的履行階段,有關(guān)行政規(guī)制的手段主要是事后的行政處罰層面。我國尚未設(shè)置專門機構(gòu)處理格式條款的相關(guān)問題,而行政規(guī)定大多比較分散不集中,不利于消費者的保護,因此完善行政規(guī)制制度對消費者的保護至關(guān)重要的。第五部分為消費者合同中不公平格式條款的司法救濟。簡單論述了當受侵害的消費者人數(shù)眾多時,可向消費者提供的司法救濟模式:集團訴訟和公益訴訟。最新修訂的《民事訴訟法》中已明確公益訴訟的制度,但仍需進一步公益訴訟作出規(guī)定;集團訴訟尚無規(guī)定,但通過對集團訴訟與代表人訴訟的對比,說明集團訴訟針對侵害眾多消費者的情形可能更有實際效果。
[Abstract]:In nineteenth Century, both continental law countries or the common law countries, the concept of the contract are popular, the freedom of contract has become the basic principle of contract law countries generally comply with the nineteenth Century, therefore known as the "contract of the century". But with the arrival of the late nineteenth Century, the rapid development of the social economy, the parties of the economic status of the growing gap the poor, absolute freedom of contract began to decline. Especially the widely used format terms, erosion of consumer freedom of contract for weak with strong economic strength of the business operators, "has become the most by the contract from the phantom". Moreover, operators of the enterprises based on the supply of goods or services, professional advantage, in terms of format the form of infringement of the rights of consumers, and consumers have little ability and ways of relief. In this regard, many countries began to pass legislation on the "vast To limit the freedom of contract ", and through administrative means of supervision and management of the contract. The contract justice should be equally important and the freedom of contract, according to the requirements of justice, the parties have the right to express their opinions freely equal to the time of contract, according to the content of the contract according to the principle of good faith. The agreed obligations, not to seek their own contract as unreasonable or illegal interests. For example, the definition of" German Civil Code > chapter on the format of the terms of the contract, into the rules and regulation on unfair terms of format and make the corresponding provisions; Japan specially formulated < consumer contract law > in terms of format form the mode of "private law" regulation is based on the basic principles of the civil law regulation mode of the.20 century since 90s, the terms of disputes increasing format makes the domestic legislators aware of rules The necessity of fan format terms, have issued a "contract law", "Consumer Protection Law > >, < < maritime law, insurance law > and other laws and relevant provisions of the terms of the format to make a preliminary specification. Although the current regulations there are still some problems, but the regulation of the standard clauses or play an important role. This paper discusses the main object for the form of unfair terms in consumer contracts, on the format of the terms in consumer contracts consists of unfair judgment standard, the five part of the effectiveness of standards and administrative regulation means, respectively. The first part discusses the status quo and problems for the form of unfair terms in consumer contracts. The consumer contract, the consumer, the basic concept of operators, and the general form of unfair terms in consumer contracts and unfair terms of format of their respective characteristics and two distinct. Second, to the application status of the form of unfair terms in consumer contracts are described, and analysis the current regulations of our country, so that the current law does not form a unified standard and the existing provisions of the terms of the format of existing consumer format clauses in the contract problems. Finally the existing provisions are the problem from three aspects, namely the problem of substantive law, administrative regulation and judicial relief. The second part is the format of the consumer contract provisions unfair judgment standard. This part from the angle of comparative law, respectively, the German law, English law, standard judgment about unfair terms and Japanese law Taiwan, regulations and regulations are discussed. The German Civil Code > < article 307-309 lists the "black list", "grey list" and the principle of judging standard as the format clause On the basis of fair judgment; Britain is dedicated to act against all unfair terms provisions, these Provisions shall apply to the format of the terms of unfair judgments; Japanese consumer contract law > < clause 8-10 types of unfair terms of format consumer contracts, a major imbalance in these unfair terms of format contract caused by the rights and obligations of both parties the content validity was negative; Taiwan region of China's "consumer protection law" and supporting the implementation rules of the unfair terms of format concept, judgment standard abstract and so on unfair terms needed to determine the discretion of the judge; and in mainland China mainly a violation of the provisions of the contract law. > section 52,53 of specific provisions and exempt or limit the responsibility of the operator or the obligation to increase consumer and other types of unfair terms, but there is conflict between the provisions of the law The third part for the effectiveness of judgment. Form of unfair terms in consumer contracts. The effectiveness of unfair terms of format judgment to consider the types of contracts parties, rights and obligations of both parties concerned are serious imbalance and other factors to determine the effectiveness. According to the categories will be unfair form clause validity is invalid, revocable two a part of unfair terms of format content in general effectiveness in violation of mandatory provisions of the law or the existence of the interests of consumers may cause significant damage; unfair degree of validity of unfair terms of format content can be revoked did not reach serious degree of unfair or may cause the operator does not fulfill the corresponding obligation to legal effect is negative. The fourth part is the administrative regulation form of unfair terms in consumer contracts. The main points for inclusion and not included in the review before the party Prior approval system includes the filing system of format terms, hearing system and announcement system; and the parties to enter the stage of the contract, the relevant administrative regulation is the main means of administrative punishment level. Relevant issues in China has not yet set up specialized agencies to deal with the terms of the format, and administrative regulations mostly scattered, is not conducive to the protection of consumers, it is very important to the protection of consumers to improve the system of administrative regulation. The fifth part is the form of unfair terms in consumer contracts. Simply discusses the judicial remedy when the number of consumers affected many, judicial relief mode can offer the consumer group litigation and public interest litigation. Public interest litigation has been clear about the civil procedure law the latest revision of < > in the system, but still need to be further defined public interest litigation; group litigation is not regulated, but through the group v. The contrast between the lawsuit and the representative's lawsuit suggests that the group action may have more practical effects on the situation that infringes on many consumers.

【學位授予單位】：西南政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D923.8;D923.6

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