本文選題：無船承運人　切入點：國際貨運代理人　出處：《中國政法大學》2009年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 本文擬通過對無船承運人法律制度的深入探討,揭示無船承運人的產生、發(fā)展的歷史過程;無船承運人的法律性質和法律地位;無船承運人的權利、義務和責任。論文結合我國無船承運人發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀,對完善我國無船承運人法律制度和無船承運業(yè)務的進一步發(fā)展提出了一些設想和建議。 無船承運人是在現(xiàn)代運輸方式下誕生的,它是國際貨運代理人發(fā)展到一定階段的產物,不是由擁有船舶的船舶經營人分化而來。確立無船承運人法律制度具有較強的法律價值和社會實踐價值,它體現(xiàn)了交易安全,有利于維護法律公平,使得合同風險在承運人和貨方之間合理分擔,從而有利于保護和促進國際海上交通運輸業(yè)的健康發(fā)展。無船承運人由國際貨運代理人發(fā)展而來,他們之間有著剪不斷、理還亂的法律關系。從世界范圍來看,無船承運人或者無船承運業(yè)務雖然被多數(shù)國家所認可,但是在法律上并沒有相關的界定,無船承運業(yè)務則被認為是國際貨運代理業(yè)務的一部分。通過對不同法系之間無船承運人和國際貨運代理人法律規(guī)制的比較分析研究,論文對我國司法實踐中如何辨別這二者的身份提出了一些應當考慮的因素。 無船承運人具有雙重法律地位,無船承運人是承運人,這已經為國際公約和國內法所認可,但是,與擁有和經營船舶的承運人相比,無船承運人具有一定的特殊性,無船承運人與擁有船舶的承運人之間是“特殊和一般的關系”。根據(jù)我國《海商法》的規(guī)定,無船承運人是《海商法》意義上的托運人,與船舶經營人之間的關系等同于托運人與承運人的責任關系。無船承運人的雙重法律地位,決定了其雙重權利、義務和責任,如何正確行使權利、履行義務、承擔責任,就成為無船承運人所必須面對的問題。 無船承運人可以簽發(fā)提單,這是其與國際貨運代理人的一個重要區(qū)別。相比海運提單,無船承運人的提單具有一定的特殊性。在實踐中,由于無船承運人自身的特點和管理上存在的一些問題,導致無船承運人提單引起的糾紛不斷。本文通過分析無船承運人提單的性質、法律效力等,對無船承運人簽發(fā)的提單進行探討,并結合案例,對在實踐中由無船承運人提單引發(fā)的一些糾紛進行了研究。 我國開展無船承運業(yè)務之后,曾經有一個時期無船承運業(yè)務有較快的發(fā)展,但是隨著時間的推移,無船承運業(yè)務面臨了很多困難和問題。針對當前我國無船承運業(yè)務發(fā)展的實際,筆者認為,無船承運業(yè)務的全面發(fā)展,離不開法律制度的健全和完善,這其中,建立和完善我國的物流立法就是迫在眉睫的事情。此外,我國在對無船承運人的準入條件的規(guī)定中,80萬元的保證金自始自終都是一個爭議很大的問題。如何通過責任保險制度替代保證金制度,一直以來都是業(yè)內人士普遍關注的一個問題。從國際上看,責任保險制度的建立和完善也是歷史發(fā)展的必然趨勢。關鍵是如何確立責任保險的性質、范圍、承保險種等問題,文章對責任保險制度的基本理論問題,以及我國責任保險制度的困境和出路予以分析和探討。 從國際上看,只有我國、美國等少數(shù)國家確立了無船承運人法律制度,該制度究竟是否必要,在實踐中爭議很大。本人通過對中美模式和菲亞塔模式的比較分析,認為無船承運人制度還是適應我國國情的,關鍵是在未來如何更好的完善它。根據(jù)我國無船承運人制度發(fā)展的實際情況,對未來無船承運業(yè)務的進一步發(fā)展所必須解決的幾個問題予以闡述。 本文擬通過案例分析法、比較分析法、歷史分析法等方法對無船承運人法律制度展開研究,試圖對無船承運人法律制度有一個正確、綜合的評價。聯(lián)合國國際貿易法委員會制定的《聯(lián)合國全程或部分海上國際貨物運輸合同公約》引入了“海運履約方”的概念,并不要求承運人一定是有船的承運人,從而在法律上承認了無船承運人的存在,肯定了無船承運人的法律地位。從這個角度而言,我國《國際海運條例》將無船承運人從國際貨運代理人中區(qū)分出來,賦予其獨立的法律地位,確立其行為規(guī)范和法律責任,這符合國際立法趨勢,是有進步意義的。雖然當前我國無船承運業(yè)務在發(fā)展時面臨了一些困難和問題,但是筆者認為,只要能立足現(xiàn)實,正視困難和問題,不斷完善法律制度,加強對無船承運人的監(jiān)管,無船承運業(yè)務一定可以在我國有更加迅猛的發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:This article through the in-depth study on the legal system of NVOCC, NVOCC has revealed, the historical process of the development; the legal nature and legal status of NVOCC; NVOCC, rights, obligations and responsibilities. In this thesis the development of NVOCC in China, some ideas and suggestions to improve our the NVOCC and the legal system of NVOCC further development are put forward.
NVOCC is born in the modern mode of transport, it is the international freight agent development to a certain stage of the product, not by the operator of the ship ship owned and differentiation. To establish the legal system of NVOCC has strong legal value and social value in practice, which reflects the security of transactions, is conducive to safeguarding the legal fairness, the the reasonable risk sharing contract between the carrier and the owner of the goods, which is conducive to the healthy development of the protection and promotion of international maritime transportation. NVOCC by international freight agent development, they have a cut constantly tangled legal relationship. From the view of the world, NVOCC or NVOCC although recognized by most countries, but the law does not related to the definition of NVOCC is considered to be part of an international freight forwarding business based on. A comparative analysis of the legal regulation between NVOCC and international freight forwarders between different legal systems is made. The paper puts forward some factors to be considered for distinguishing the two identities in China's judicial practice.
NVOCC has a dual legal status of NVOCC is a carrier, which has been recognized by international conventions and domestic laws, but compared with the ship owned and operated by the carrier, NVOCC has some particularity, between NVOCC and ship owned carrier is of special and general relations. "According to the provisions of China's" maritime law >, NVOCC is < Maritime Law > sense of the shipper, and the relationship between the ship operator is equivalent to the shipper and the responsibility of the carrier. The dual legal status of NVOCC, determines its dual rights, obligations and responsibilities, how to correctly perform the exercise of the rights obligation, responsibility, NVOCC becomes a problem that must be faced.
NVOCC can issue a bill of lading, this is an important difference with the international freight agent. Compared with the bill of lading, NVOCC bill of lading has a certain particularity. In practice, some of the problems due to its characteristics and management of NVOCC on the resulting NVOCC bill of lading caused by disputes. In this paper, through the analysis of the nature of NVOCC bill of lading, legal effect, carries on the discussion to the NVOCC bill of lading, combined with the cases of disputes caused by NVOCC bill of lading in practice were studied.
After China carried out the business of NVOCC, there was a time when the NVOCC business has developed quickly, but with the passage of time, the business of NVOCC is facing many difficulties and problems. In practice, the current China's NVOCC business development the author believes that the overall development of NVOCC, from on the legal system of sound and perfect, the establishment and improvement of China's Logistics legislation is imminent thing. In addition, our country in the NVOCC access conditions stipulated in the 800 thousand yuan deposit all along is a controversial problem. How to through the liability insurance system to replace the deposit system has always been an issue of common concern in the industry. From the international perspective, establishing and perfecting the system of liability insurance is the inevitable trend of the development of history. The key is how to establish the liability insurance. Quality, scope, insurance and other issues. The article analyzes and discusses the basic theoretical issues of liability insurance system and the dilemma and outlet of liability insurance system in China.
From the international perspective, only China, the United States and a few countries established the NVOCC legal system, the system is necessary, a lot of controversy in practice. I through comparative analysis of the mode and the mode of Sino US Fialta, that NVOCC is adapt to the situation of our country, the key is how to better in the future perfect it. According to the actual situation of China's development of a ship without carrier system, expounds some problems to the further development of the future of NVOCC to solve.
This article through case analysis, comparative analysis, historical analysis and other methods in the research on the legal system of NVOCC, NVOCC, the legal system to have a correct and comprehensive evaluation. The formulation of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law "the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the whole or part of the international carriage of goods by sea. The" maritime performing party "concept, does not require the carrier must be admitted to the ship carrier, NVOCC exists in the law, affirmation of the legal status of NVOCC. From this perspective, China's International Shipping Regulations > > NVOCC is separated from the international freight forwarders. To give its independent legal status, establish codes of conduct and legal responsibilities, which conforms to the trend of international legislation, there is a sense of progress. Although China's NVOCC business development in the face Some difficulties and problems, but I believe that as long as we can face the difficulties and problems based on reality, constantly improve the legal system and strengthen the supervision of NVOCC, the NVOCC business will develop rapidly in our country.

【學位授予單位】：中國政法大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D922.294

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