本文選題：救助報酬　切入點(diǎn)：無效果無報酬原則　出處：《鄭州大學(xué)》2004年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：海難救助是海商法中特有的制度，其特殊性是其他法律所無法比擬的。創(chuàng)立該制度的目的是為了鼓勵人們冒著風(fēng)險對遇難船舶和貨物或人命進(jìn)行救助，以維護(hù)海上航行的安全�？紤]到救助人施救時所承擔(dān)的巨大風(fēng)險，法律賦予救助人在救助成功后請求救助報酬的特殊權(quán)利，用以補(bǔ)償其船舶和設(shè)備的損耗。這一制度的確立，不僅鼓勵了人們對遇難船舶、貨物或人命的救助，而且也防止了救助人將獲救財產(chǎn)占為己有。 隨著航運(yùn)和海上活動的迅速發(fā)展，海上風(fēng)險的概念發(fā)生了變化，海上財產(chǎn)也日趨復(fù)雜化和多樣化，因而海難救助的法律制度也隨之發(fā)生著變化。21世紀(jì)的海難救助法將出現(xiàn)新的特點(diǎn)和發(fā)展趨勢，盡管我國《海商法》第九章是參照最新的救助公約——《1989年國際救助公約》制定的，具有一定的先進(jìn)性和超前性，但隨著《海商法》的實施，在某些方面已暴露出一些不足，在實踐中常引起爭議。因此，我國應(yīng)當(dāng)采取相應(yīng)的對策以適應(yīng)這些發(fā)展，并對《海商法》第九章中現(xiàn)存的不足之處作出修改和完善。筆者認(rèn)為，海難救助法律制度的核心是海難救助報酬制度，正是救助人的這種在救助報酬方面的特殊權(quán)利構(gòu)成了海難救助法律制度的基礎(chǔ)，海難救助報酬制度的變化決定著整個海難救助制度的發(fā)展。而且，在實踐中，絕大部分海難救助訴訟案件也往往因海難救助報酬而引起。因此，筆者認(rèn)為，我們有必要對海難救助報酬的相關(guān)法律問題進(jìn)行探討，這對推動整個海難救助法律制度的完善和發(fā)展是不無益處的。鑒于此，本文將從學(xué)術(shù)研究的角度出發(fā)，結(jié)合國內(nèi)外相關(guān)法律法規(guī)以及國際公約的規(guī)定，剖析目前我國海難救助實踐中在救助報酬方面存在的一些矛盾和難點(diǎn)問題，并針對這些問題提出建議和主張，以期對建立和完善我國的海難救助法律制度能有所裨益。全文共分為四個部分： 第一部分，海難救助報酬的基本理論問題。海難救助報酬，是指救助人在海上或者與海相通的可航水域?qū)τ鲭U船舶進(jìn)行救助而取得的報酬。針對長期以來人們對海難救助法律性質(zhì)的爭論，該部分對救助報酬的法律性質(zhì)進(jìn)行了探討，并指出海難救助制度是以衡平和效益為宗旨和基本原則、自成體系的特有的海商法制度，不能完全用民法上的概念來解釋其法律性質(zhì)。海難救助法律性質(zhì)的認(rèn)定只能從海事法之特別行為入手，從海事法的范疇和角度去確定。隨著海上風(fēng)險的變化和海上財產(chǎn)的多樣化和復(fù)雜化，救助報酬這一概念的內(nèi)涵發(fā)生了較大的變化，因此，筆者從救助報酬的含義入手，分析和比較了各有關(guān)法律和國際公約對救助報酬的規(guī)定，指出了我國《海商法》相關(guān)條款中在界定救助報酬含義的方面存在的問題，并對這些問題提出了自己的建議。另 外，該部分還就救助報酬法律關(guān)系的構(gòu)成問題的進(jìn)行了法律分析。 第二部分，海難救助報酬的確定原則及其評價。作為救助款項之一的海難救助報 酬的確定是海難救助制度最困難和最復(fù)雜的事項又極有專業(yè)化特點(diǎn)�！盁o效果，無報 酬”原則是海難救助中確立海難救助報酬的基本原則，國際公約和各國海商法均普遍 接受該原則，它主宰了國際海難救助業(yè)半個多世紀(jì)。但是，傳統(tǒng)原則的確定性必然帶 來其局限性。隨著海上運(yùn)輸和海難救助不斷出現(xiàn)的新情況，“無效果，無報酬”原則 逐漸顯露出其在環(huán)境救助方面的不足。該部分對“無效果，無報酬”原則以及其他確 定原則進(jìn)行了論述，并探討了如何進(jìn)行救助報酬評估的問題。 第三部分，特別補(bǔ)償制度問題探析。特別補(bǔ)償制度是在世界航運(yùn)市場發(fā)展的新形 勢要求下產(chǎn)生的，它在一定程度上突破了傳統(tǒng)的“無效果，無報酬”的救助原則，解決 了救助實踐活動中原有的一些日漸突出的矛盾和問題。該部分是在第二部分中分析了 “無效果，無報酬”原則缺陷的基礎(chǔ)上展開論述的，對特別補(bǔ)償制度的含義、制定背景 及其適用條件進(jìn)行了全面的論述，并分析了特別補(bǔ)償制度對共同海損以及海上保險的 影響，指出了在海難救助制度發(fā)生變化的情況下，我國相關(guān)的其他法律制度(如共同 海損)也應(yīng)作出相應(yīng)的修改和完善。 第四部分，救助當(dāng)事人在救助報酬方面的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。在確定雙方當(dāng)事人的海難 救助關(guān)系后，如何實現(xiàn)救助人的報酬請求權(quán)是實踐中最常遇見，也是最難解決的問題。 在實踐中，在救助人完成救助作業(yè)后，被救助人往往會由于各種各樣的原因要求減少 或拒付救助報酬，或者不及時接受甚至拋棄獲救財產(chǎn)，，這無疑會給救助人帶來風(fēng)險和 負(fù)擔(dān)。因此，如何保證救助人的利益，從而鼓勵救助作業(yè)，維護(hù)海上航行的安全便成 為了海難救助中關(guān)鍵而又實際的問題。但是，實踐中還經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)由于救助人的過失而 給被救助人或其他人造成損害的情況，那么在這種情況下，如何來平衡海難救助雙方 當(dāng)事人的利益呢?這就是救助人是否承擔(dān)損害賠償責(zé)任以及能否享受責(zé)任限制的權(quán) 利的問題�；谝陨蟽蓚�方面，該部分著重論述了救助人在救助報酬方面享有的報酬 請求權(quán)以及對獲救財產(chǎn)的留置權(quán)和擔(dān)保權(quán)，并對救助人的過失責(zé)任和賠償責(zé)任限制問 題提出了自己的看法和建議。
[Abstract]:Salvage is a unique legal system in maritime law, its particularity is compared to other laws. This system purports to encourage people to take risks for the victims of the ship and cargo or life assistance, to maintain the safety of maritime navigation. Considering the huge risk of rescue rescue, special rights the law gives the rescue salvage in the rescue after the success, to compensate for the loss of the ship and equipment. The establishment of this system, not only encourages people to ship the goods or the lives of the victims, rescue, rescue people but also to prevent the salved property for himself.
With the rapid development of shipping and maritime activities, change the concept of risk at sea, maritime property are becoming increasingly complex and diversified, so the legal system of salvage have also undergone salvage changes in.21 century will appear new characteristics and trends of development, as China's "maritime law" the ninth chapter is the reference the latest salvage Convention -- <1989 international rescue convention > formulation, is advanced and advanced, but with the implementation of "maritime law", in some respects has exposed some shortcomings, in practice often controversial. Therefore, our country should take corresponding measures to adapt to the development, and to modify and improve the existing deficiencies of "maritime Law > ninth chapter. The author believes that the legal system is the core of salvage salvage reward system, it is the special right of salvor in terms of salvage reward And constitute the basis of legal system of salvage, salvage reward system change determines the development of the system of salvage at sea. But, in practice, the vast majority of litigations on salvage are due to reward for salvage. Therefore, the author believes that it is necessary for us to relevant legal issues on the salvage reward of this is useful, to improve and promote the development of the legal system of salvage. In view of this, this article from the perspective of academic research, combined with the provisions of relevant laws and regulations of domestic and international law, analyzes some contradictions and problems in our country at present in the salvage salvage practice existed, and put forward suggestions and proposals to solve these problems, with a view to establishing and perfecting the legal system of salvage benefit. This paper is divided into four parts:
The first part discusses the basic theory of salvage reward. Salvage reward, refers to the rescue at sea or other navigable waters to rescue ship in distress and get paid. For a long time people on the legal nature of salvage dispute, the legal nature of the salvage reward is discussed, and pointed out that the salvage system is based on equity and efficiency for the purpose and basic principles, self-contained special maritime law system, not fully used the concept of civil law to explain the legal nature of the identification of the legal nature of salvage only starting from the special behavior of maritime law, to determine from the maritime law and with the angle. Diverse marine risks and sea property and complicated, has changed the connotation of the concept of salvage reward so the salvage reward meaning in points This paper analyzes and compares the provisions of various relevant laws and international conventions on salvage remuneration, points out the existing problems in defining the meaning of salvage remuneration in relevant articles of China's maritime law, and puts forward some suggestions for these problems.
In addition, the part also carries out a legal analysis of the constitution of the legal relationship of the salvage reward.
The second part, the determination principle and evaluation of the salvage reward. As one of the salvage funds, the salvage Report
The determination of the remuneration is the most difficult and most complicated of the salvage system. "No effect and no report."
The principle of "Remuneration" is the basic principle to establish the compensation for salvage of sea trouble in the salvage of the sea, and the international conventions and the maritime law of all countries are common.
Accepting this principle, it dominates the international salvage industry for more than half a century. However, the certainty of the traditional principles is bound to take place.
The principle of "no effect and unremunerated" with the new situation of maritime transportation and salvage
Gradually revealed its lack of environmental assistance. This part of the "no effect, unremunerated" principle and other true
The principle of determination is discussed and the problem of how to assess the reward compensation is discussed.
The third part, the analysis of the special compensation system. The special compensation system is a new form of the development of the world shipping market
In a certain degree, it breaks through the traditional "no effect, unremunerated" assistance principle, and solves the problem.
Some of the increasingly prominent contradictions and problems in the rescue practice. This part is analyzed in the second part.
On the basis of the defects of the principle of "no effect and unremunerated", the meaning of the special compensation system and the setting of the background are formulated.
A comprehensive discussion of its application conditions and the analysis of the special compensation system for general average and marine insurance are also analyzed.
In the case of the change in the salvage system of the sea, the related other legal systems of our country (such as common.
The damage should be revised and perfected accordingly.
The fourth part is to save the rights and obligations of the parties in the payment of assistance.
After the rescue relationship, how to realize the right of requesting the salvor's remuneration is the most often encountered in practice, but also the most difficult problem to be solved.
In practice, the rescuer is often reduced to a variety of reasons after the salvor has completed the salvage operation.
Or refusing to pay the salvage remuneration, or not accepting or even abandoning the saved property in time, will undoubtedly bring risks to the rescuer.
Therefore, how to guarantee the benefit of the rescuer, so as to encourage the salvage operation and safeguard the safety of the sea voyage
It is a key and practical problem for salvage in the sea. However, in practice, the fault of the rescuer often occurs.
In this case, how to balance the salvage and salvage parties in this case
What about the interests of the parties? This is the right of the rescuer to bear the liability for damages and to enjoy the limitation of the liability.
On the basis of the two aspects above, this part focuses on the remuneration of the salvor in the respect of salvage remuneration.
The right of claim and the lien and security of the rescued property, and the liability for negligence and the limitation of the liability of the salvor
The questions put forward their own views and suggestions.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：D922.294;D996.19

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 周江華;;寧波舟山港海上搜救資金補(bǔ)償機(jī)制研究[J];浙江海洋學(xué)院學(xué)報(自然科學(xué)版);2007年01期

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前6條

1 穆建華;海上人命救助相關(guān)法律問題研究[D];大連海事大學(xué);2011年

2 齊亮亮;海難救助報酬分配問題研究[D];安徽大學(xué);2011年

3 董媛媛;貨物優(yōu)先權(quán)法律制度研究[D];大連海事大學(xué);2006年

4 張明;救助人不當(dāng)行為對救助報酬的影響[D];上海海事大學(xué);2006年

5 李艷;國家主管機(jī)關(guān)海難救助報酬請求權(quán)問題研究[D];大連海事大學(xué);2010年

6 李巍;我國海難救助報酬內(nèi)部分配制度研究[D];大連海事大學(xué);2012年

本文編號：1579859