【摘要】：能源是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展規(guī)模日益壯大,能源需求呈不斷上升態(tài)勢,能源對外依存度增加,應(yīng)對氣候變化和環(huán)境保護(hù)的壓力加大,政府能源管理的任務(wù)也將會越來越重。政府能源管理職能主要分為能源政策職能和能源監(jiān)管職能兩個部分。本文研究主要涉及政府的能源監(jiān)管職能及其體制改革問題,一共分五章: 第一章:能源監(jiān)管基本問題分析。能源是指能夠提供各種形式能量的物質(zhì)或者物質(zhì)運(yùn)動,具有資源屬性、商品屬性、管網(wǎng)壟斷屬性、可替代屬性、公共屬性和政治屬性等特點(diǎn)。能源監(jiān)管是指國家能源監(jiān)管部門根據(jù)法律法規(guī)授予的監(jiān)管職權(quán)和范圍,依據(jù)法定的程序和標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對能源行業(yè)和市場的參與者(企業(yè)或個人)及利害關(guān)系人的相關(guān)能源活動進(jìn)行監(jiān)督和控制的行政活動。能源的特性決定了能源監(jiān)管是一種社會性監(jiān)管和經(jīng)濟(jì)性監(jiān)管相結(jié)合的監(jiān)管活動,具有市場有限性、政策性和公共性等特征。從監(jiān)管必要性來看,能源監(jiān)管有利于確保國家能源安全、保證能源市場平穩(wěn)高效運(yùn)行、節(jié)約能源和提高能源效率、優(yōu)化能源結(jié)構(gòu)、保護(hù)環(huán)境和應(yīng)對氣候變化等目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn);與此相應(yīng),能源監(jiān)管的范圍和內(nèi)容主要是:能源安全監(jiān)管、能源市場監(jiān)管、節(jié)能和能源效率監(jiān)管、能源結(jié)構(gòu)監(jiān)管和能源環(huán)境監(jiān)管。能源監(jiān)管主要可以分為以下幾類:社會性監(jiān)管和經(jīng)濟(jì)性監(jiān)管;自律性監(jiān)管和他律性監(jiān)管;命令控制型監(jiān)管和激勵性監(jiān)管;原則性監(jiān)管和規(guī)則性監(jiān)管等。能源監(jiān)管主要建立在三個理論基礎(chǔ)之上:一是市場增進(jìn)論,它克服了市場失靈論和監(jiān)管失靈論的缺陷,強(qiáng)調(diào)政府和民間部門對市場的協(xié)調(diào)增進(jìn)作用,更好地發(fā)揮了政府和民間兩種力量,共同推動市場的發(fā)展;二是普遍服務(wù)理論,主要是把基本的能源消費(fèi)作為一項(xiàng)公用事業(yè)來看待,以確保消費(fèi)者獲得公平、普遍、價格合理的基本能源服務(wù),特別是為了確保邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)、農(nóng)村地區(qū)和弱勢群體獲得相應(yīng)的能源服務(wù),能源普遍服務(wù)義務(wù)已經(jīng)成為能源服務(wù)合同的一般條款;三是可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論,主要是要求在開發(fā)利用能源資源時,既要考慮當(dāng)代人的需求,也要考慮后代人的需要,要保持能源-經(jīng)濟(jì)-環(huán)境發(fā)展的可持續(xù)性,它對能源監(jiān)管的基本要求是:優(yōu)化能源結(jié)構(gòu)、提高能源效率、節(jié)約能源和加強(qiáng)環(huán)境保護(hù)等。 第二章:我國能源監(jiān)管體制的現(xiàn)狀、問題和改革思路。我國能源監(jiān)管體制正處在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制向市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制轉(zhuǎn)軌的時期。能源監(jiān)管體制主要涉及能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)置、能源監(jiān)管職能的配置和能源組織規(guī)范三個問題。從縱向來看,我國能源監(jiān)管體制經(jīng)歷了從高度集中的政企不分、政監(jiān)不分的行業(yè)計(jì)劃管理體制向政企分開、市場化改革和專業(yè)化監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的方向發(fā)展,但是行業(yè)分散監(jiān)管的格局仍然沒有很大改觀。從橫向來看,煤炭、電力、核能、石油天然氣、節(jié)能和能源效率、可再生能源等監(jiān)管職能的配置混亂,能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置分散,既有專業(yè)化程度較高的煤礦安全監(jiān)察局、國家電力監(jiān)管委員會,也有國家發(fā)展和改革委員會、國家能源局這樣的能源行政管理部門。能源監(jiān)管職能的配置存在職能混淆、分散和定位模糊等缺陷;能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)置存在不穩(wěn)定、分散、缺乏綜合性、高效、權(quán)威、統(tǒng)一的能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu);能源組織規(guī)范建設(shè)比較落后,能源立法不能跟上體制改革的需要。因此,改革是我國能源監(jiān)管體制完善的必由之路。筆者認(rèn)為,我國能源監(jiān)管體制改革的基本思路是:第一,根據(jù)監(jiān)管獨(dú)立性的原則,實(shí)行政企分開、政監(jiān)分離,正確理順能源政策主管部門和能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系,實(shí)現(xiàn)能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置的獨(dú)立性。第二,按照能源政策職能和能源監(jiān)管職能分離的原則,順應(yīng)放松經(jīng)濟(jì)性監(jiān)管、加強(qiáng)社會性監(jiān)管的發(fā)展趨勢,繼續(xù)鞏固擴(kuò)大能源安全、能源環(huán)境、節(jié)能和能源效率監(jiān)管職能,進(jìn)一步明確能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的微觀監(jiān)管職能的范圍。第三,按照循序漸進(jìn)的改革思路,考慮改革方案的可操作性,確立三步走的改革戰(zhàn)略:第一步保持現(xiàn)有的分行業(yè)監(jiān)管現(xiàn)狀,將其他能源監(jiān)管職能集中到能源行政管理部門;第二步實(shí)行分行業(yè)獨(dú)立監(jiān)管,在加強(qiáng)煤礦安全監(jiān)察局、國家電力監(jiān)管委員會監(jiān)管獨(dú)立性的同時,成立核能監(jiān)管委員會、石油天然氣監(jiān)管委員會、節(jié)能和可再生能源監(jiān)管委員會,分別獨(dú)立履行各能源行業(yè)的監(jiān)管職能;第三步實(shí)行綜合性的統(tǒng)一能源監(jiān)管,將各行業(yè)能源監(jiān)管職能進(jìn)行合并,設(shè)立獨(dú)立的能源監(jiān)管委員會,統(tǒng)一行使能源監(jiān)管職能。按照以上改革基本思路,可以確定我國能源監(jiān)管體制改革的近期目標(biāo)、中期目標(biāo)和遠(yuǎn)期目標(biāo)。 第三章:能源監(jiān)管職能配置改革。能源監(jiān)管職能的配置是能源監(jiān)管體制改革的核心問題之一。筆者認(rèn)為,能源監(jiān)管職能的配置應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循職能獨(dú)立、職能分離、職能效率和職能法定等基本原則,處理好以下幾對關(guān)系:一是能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和能源政策部門之間的職能配置關(guān)系,主要是要實(shí)現(xiàn)能源政策職能和能源監(jiān)管職能的分離,為了此目標(biāo),我國可以采用循序漸進(jìn)的思路,先實(shí)行能源政策職能和能源監(jiān)管職能相對集中的做法,然后是各行業(yè)監(jiān)管職能分離,最后實(shí)現(xiàn)能源監(jiān)管職能的統(tǒng)一分離。二是能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和其他監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)之間的職能配置關(guān)系,主要包括與反壟斷機(jī)構(gòu)、環(huán)境監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和安全監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)之間的職能配置關(guān)系,主要應(yīng)當(dāng)加強(qiáng)能源市場政策和競爭政策執(zhí)行的協(xié)調(diào)與合作,確立環(huán)境監(jiān)管、安全監(jiān)管優(yōu)先于能源行業(yè)監(jiān)管的一般原則。三是中央能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和地方能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)之間的職能配置關(guān)系,我國是單一制國家,監(jiān)管職能應(yīng)當(dāng)實(shí)行垂直一體化的體制,在確保中央監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)監(jiān)管權(quán)威的同時,應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮地區(qū)不平衡和地方特殊情況,賦予地方監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)一定的能源監(jiān)管職能,以防出現(xiàn)監(jiān)管真空和監(jiān)管不力的情況,并取得地方政府支持。 第四章:能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置改革。能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)置模式主要有三種:日本集中式的能源行政管理部門模式;美國獨(dú)立的能源監(jiān)管委員會模式;法國行政管理部門和公務(wù)法人相結(jié)合的模式。三種模式各有自己的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),從發(fā)展趨勢來看,獨(dú)立、自治的能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)模式是大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國家的選擇。我國大多數(shù)學(xué)者的研究結(jié)果表明,在我國應(yīng)該設(shè)立專業(yè)化的能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu),履行能源市場的微觀監(jiān)管職能;政府的能源行政管理職能和能源監(jiān)管職能應(yīng)當(dāng)分開,即實(shí)行政監(jiān)分離的原則;應(yīng)當(dāng)確保能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)獨(dú)立的法律地位,以便在履行監(jiān)管職能時具有相應(yīng)的權(quán)威性。筆者認(rèn)為,我國能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)置應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循三步走的改革思路:第一步,采取適當(dāng)集中的一般行政管理部門設(shè)置模式。不設(shè)置新的能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu),重點(diǎn)是調(diào)整能源監(jiān)管職能和加強(qiáng)能源監(jiān)管立法,在保持煤礦安全監(jiān)察局、環(huán)境保護(hù)部國家核安全局和國家電力監(jiān)管委員會現(xiàn)有職能的前提下,將其他能源監(jiān)管職能適當(dāng)集中到國家發(fā)展和改革委員會、國家能源局。因?yàn)楦母锍跗谛枰獜?qiáng)有力的政府部門推行能源產(chǎn)業(yè)政策和市場化的進(jìn)行,也有利于改革政策的統(tǒng)一性和穩(wěn)定性。第二步,采取分行業(yè)的專業(yè)化能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置模式。繼續(xù)保持煤礦安全監(jiān)察局和國家電力監(jiān)管委員會的設(shè)置;設(shè)置由環(huán)境保護(hù)部管理的能源環(huán)境和核能監(jiān)管委員會,負(fù)責(zé)能源環(huán)境監(jiān)管和核能監(jiān)管;設(shè)置國家發(fā)展和改革委員會監(jiān)督管理的石油天然氣監(jiān)管委員會、節(jié)能和可再生能源監(jiān)管委員會。第三步,采用綜合性的能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置模式。撤銷國家能源局,組建能源部或者環(huán)境能源部,統(tǒng)一行使能源或者環(huán)境行政管理職能,制定國家能源或者環(huán)境戰(zhàn)略、規(guī)劃和政策;保留國家能源委員會,作為國務(wù)院的議事協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu),繼續(xù)負(fù)責(zé)我國能源重大戰(zhàn)略和重要政策的制定和協(xié)調(diào);設(shè)置能源監(jiān)管委員會,統(tǒng)一行使我國能源監(jiān)管職能,能源監(jiān)管委員會接受能源部或者環(huán)境能源部的合法性監(jiān)督。 第五章:能源監(jiān)管體制改革配套保障。主要包括政策協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制、利益平衡機(jī)制和進(jìn)行配套立法三個部分。能源監(jiān)管體制改革過程中,必然涉及各種能源政策的協(xié)調(diào)問題,比如宏觀層面的國家經(jīng)濟(jì)政策、能源政策和環(huán)境政策的協(xié)調(diào)問題,能源產(chǎn)業(yè)政策和競爭政策的協(xié)調(diào)以及各行政管理部門和監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)之間的能源政策協(xié)調(diào)問題。政策協(xié)調(diào)可以采取多種形式,如設(shè)置議事協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)或者臨時機(jī)構(gòu),建立聯(lián)席會議制度、工作通報(bào)和信息交流制度以及聯(lián)合執(zhí)法制度等,也可以借鑒國外經(jīng)驗(yàn),采取簽訂合作協(xié)議、互派代表、共同制定文件和報(bào)告等形式,政策協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制應(yīng)當(dāng)朝形式多樣化、合法化和契約化的方向發(fā)展。能源監(jiān)管體制改革的實(shí)質(zhì)是對利害相關(guān)方的利益進(jìn)行再分配,主要應(yīng)當(dāng)平衡五種利益關(guān)系:社會利益、經(jīng)濟(jì)利益和生態(tài)利益關(guān)系;區(qū)域利益關(guān)系;代際利益關(guān)系;能源行業(yè)利益和消費(fèi)者利益關(guān)系;中央和地方利益關(guān)系。合理的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制、市場化的能源定價機(jī)制、能源行業(yè)組織和消費(fèi)者組織的建設(shè)是做好利益平衡的一些主要措施。法律是最好的利益平衡器,加強(qiáng)能源監(jiān)管體制改革的配套立法工作,有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)能源監(jiān)管的規(guī)范化和法制化。我國能源監(jiān)管立法應(yīng)當(dāng)充分借鑒歐盟和美國的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),順應(yīng)能源立法市場化、生態(tài)化、人本化和國際化的趨勢,加快能源立法的的進(jìn)程,及時進(jìn)行各項(xiàng)能源法律的立、改、廢工作,以鞏固和保障能源監(jiān)管體制改革的順利進(jìn)行。
[Abstract]:Energy is the foundation of national economic and social development. With the increasing scale of the economic and social development of our country, the energy demand is rising, the energy demand is increased, the pressure on climate change and environmental protection is increased, and the task of government energy management will become more and more heavy. The energy management functions of the government are mainly divided into two parts: energy policy function and energy supervision function. This paper mainly deals with the government's energy supervision function and its system reform, which is divided into five chapters: Chapter 1: Basic Issues of Energy Supervision Energy refers to the movement of a substance or substance capable of providing various forms of energy, having resource attributes, commodity attributes, network monopoly attributes, alternative attributes, public attributes, and political attributes. Point. Energy regulation means the supervision and control of the energy industry and the participants (enterprises or individuals) of the energy industry and the market and the relevant energy activities of the interested parties in accordance with the statutory procedures and standards, in accordance with the statutory procedures and standards. The characteristics of energy decide that energy regulation is a kind of supervision activity combined with social supervision and economic regulation, which has the market limitation, policy and publicity. In view of the need for supervision, energy regulation is conducive to ensuring the energy security of the country, ensuring the stable and efficient operation of the energy market, saving energy and improving the energy efficiency, optimizing the energy structure, protecting the environment and responding to the realization of the target of climate change, and the like The scope and content of energy regulation should be: energy safety regulation, energy market regulation, energy conservation and energy efficiency regulation, energy structure regulation and energy environment monitoring The energy regulation mainly can be divided into the following categories: social supervision and economic supervision; self-discipline supervision and other discipline supervision; command control type supervision and incentive regulation; principle supervision and regulation supervision The energy regulation is based on three theories: one is the theory of market promotion, which overcomes the defects of market failure theory and supervision failure theory, and emphasizes the role of government and civil service in the coordination and promotion of the market, and has better played both the government and the folk The second is to view the basic energy consumption as a public utility to ensure a fair, universal and affordable basic energy service for consumers, especially in order to ensure remote locations In the area, rural areas and the vulnerable groups get the corresponding energy services, the general service obligation of energy has become the general clause of the energy service contract, and the third is the theory of sustainable development, which is mainly required to take into account the needs of the present generation in the development and utilization of energy resources The basic requirement of energy regulation is to optimize the energy structure, to improve the energy efficiency, to save energy and to strengthen the environmental protection. The second chapter: the present situation, the problem and the reform of our energy supervision system The reform of the system of energy supervision in China is in the transition of the planned economic system to the market economic system The energy supervision system is mainly related to the setting of the energy supervision organization, the configuration of the energy supervision function and the energy organization specification. In the longitudinal direction, China's energy supervision system has experienced the development of the industry plan management system, which is divided from the highly concentrated political and technological enterprise and the administration and administration system to the separation of the government and the enterprise, the market-oriented reform and the specialized supervision mechanism, but the pattern of the industry's decentralized supervision is still not very good Great changes. In the transverse direction, the configuration of coal, electricity, nuclear energy, oil and natural gas, energy conservation and energy efficiency, renewable energy and other supervisory functions is in disorder, and the energy supervision organization is decentralized, with the existing specialized safety supervision bureau of coal mine and the state power supervision The Committee, as well as the State Development and Reform Commission, the Energy Administration, such as the National Energy Agency The configuration of the energy supervision function has the defects of confusion, dispersion and positioning, and the establishment of the energy supervision organization is unstable and dispersed, and the comprehensive, high-efficiency, authoritative and unified energy supervision institution is lacking; and the energy organization standard construction ratio Less backward, energy legislation can't keep up with the reform of the system Therefore, the reform is the perfect of our country's energy supervision system The author holds that the basic idea of the reform of our country's energy regulation system is: first, according to the principle of the independence of the supervision, the separation of the government and the enterprise, the separation of the administration and administration, the proper arrangement of the relationship between the competent department of energy policy and the energy regulator, and the establishment of the energy regulator Independence. Second, in accordance with the principle of separation of energy policy functions and energy supervision functions, the development trend of social supervision should be strengthened in accordance with the principle of separation of energy policy function and energy supervision function, and the development of energy security, energy environment, energy conservation and energy efficiency monitoring will continue to be consolidated The function of the tube to further clarify the micro-regulatory functions of the energy regulator Third, according to the step-by-step reform idea, consider the operability of the reform plan, and establish the three-step reform strategy: the first step is to maintain the current regulation status of the sub-industry and to focus other energy supervision functions in the energy administration and management department; and the second step is to carry out the division of the industry. In order to strengthen the supervision and independence of the Coal Mine Safety Supervision Bureau and the National Electric Regulatory Commission, the supervision committee on nuclear power, the Committee on the Supervision of Oil and Natural Gas, the Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Regulatory Commission shall be established, and the supervision of the energy industry shall be carried out independently and independently. The third step is to carry out comprehensive and unified energy regulation, to merge the energy supervision functions of each industry, to set up an independent energy supervision committee, and to exercise the energy supervision uniformly According to the basic idea of the above reform, we can determine the short-term goal, medium-term goal and far-term goal of our country's energy regulation system reform. Objectives for the period. Chapter III: Energy Regulatory can configure the reform. The configuration of the energy supervision function is the core of the reform of the energy supervision system One of the core problems is that the configuration of the energy supervision function should follow the basic principles such as function independence, function separation, function efficiency and function legal, and deal with the following relationship: one is the position between the energy regulator and the energy policy department To be able to configure the relationship, mainly to realize the separation of the energy policy function and the energy supervision function, in order to achieve this goal, our country can adopt a step-by-step approach, first carry out the energy policy function and the energy supervision function relatively centralized practice, and then it is the supervision of each industry Separation of the functions of the pipe, and finally the energy supervision function The second is the functional configuration relationship between the energy regulator and other regulators, which mainly includes the functional configuration relationship with the anti-monopoly agency, the environmental supervision organization and the safety supervision mechanism, and the implementation of the energy market policy and the competition policy should be strengthened. Coordination and cooperation to establish environmental supervision and safety supervision over the energy industry The general principle of the general principle. Third, the functional configuration relationship between the central energy supervision institution and the local energy supervision organization, the country is a single-system state, the supervision function should implement the system of vertical integration, while ensuring the authority of the central regulatory authority, the regional imbalance and the ground should be considered The special case of the party shall be given to the local regulatory authority for a certain energy supervision function to prevent the occurrence of regulatory vacuum and poor supervision, and obtain the ground Government support of the Party. Chapter IV: Energy Administration There are three main modes of the establishment of the energy regulator: the centralized mode of energy administration in Japan; the model of the independent energy regulatory commission in the United States; the administrative and public administration of France; and the public service law. The three modes each have their own advantages and disadvantages, and from the development trend, the independent and self-governing energy regulator model is the majority The study of most scholars in China has shown that in our country, we should set up a specialized energy regulator to carry out the micro-regulation function of the energy market, and the functions of the government's energy administration and energy supervision should be separated, that is, it is implemented. The principle of separation of political supervision; the independent legal status of the energy regulator should be ensured in order to implement the supervision function The author holds that the establishment of China's energy regulator should follow three steps: first step, take the general administrative tube of appropriate concentration The establishment mode of the management department is not set. The new energy supervision organization is not set. The focus is to adjust the energy supervision function and strengthen the energy supervision legislation. In keeping with the coal mine safety supervision bureau, the National Nuclear Safety Administration of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the National Electric Power Supervision Committee Appropriate concentration of other energy regulatory functions to national development and reform members on the assumption of functions In the beginning of the reform, strong government departments are required to carry out energy industrial policies and market-oriented, and it is also conducive to the reform of the policy Unity and stability. Step 2: Take the specialized energy supervisor of the sub-industry The establishment mode of the pipe mechanism. Continue to maintain the setting of the Coal Mine Safety Supervision Bureau and the National Electric Power Supervision Committee; set up the Energy Environment and Nuclear Energy Regulatory Commission managed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection to be responsible for the energy environment Regulation of regulatory and nuclear energy; the establishment of an oil and gas regulatory commission under the supervision and administration of the National Commission for Development and Reform, energy conservation and renewable energy Energy Regulatory Commission. The third step is to adopt a comprehensive energy monitor The State Department of Energy, the Ministry of Energy or the Department of Environmental and Energy, the National Energy Commission, the Ministry of Energy or the Environment and Energy, the State Energy or Environmental Strategy, the Plan and the Policy, and the National Energy Commission, as the State Council The deliberative and coordinating body of China will continue to be responsible for the formulation and coordination of major energy strategies and important policies of our country; set up the Energy Regulatory Commission to exercise the energy supervision function of our country, and the Energy Regulatory Commission shall accept the Ministry of Energy or the environment energy Chapter V: Supervision of the legality of the Ministry of Energy The supporting and supporting of the system reform mainly includes the policy coordination mechanism, the balance mechanism and the entry In the course of the reform of energy supervision system, it is necessary to deal with the coordination of various energy policies, such as the national economic policy, energy policy and energy policy at the macro level. Coordination of environmental policies, coordination of energy industrial policies and competition policies, as well as between administrative and regulatory bodies The coordination of energy policy can take many forms, such as setting up a deliberative and coordinating body or a temporary body, establishing a joint meeting system, working communication and information exchange system, and joint law enforcement system. Cooperation agreements, intermission representatives, joint development of documents and reports, etc., and policy coordination mechanisms should be diversified and legalized in the form The essence of the reform of the energy supervision system is to re-allocate the interests of the stakeholders, which should balance the five interests: the social interests, the economic interests and the ecological interests; the relationship between the regional interests; the relationship between the generations and the interests of the generations; and the energy industry. the relationship between the interests of the consumers and the consumers; The relationship between the central and local interests. The rational ecological compensation mechanism, the market-oriented energy pricing mechanism, the energy industry organization and the construction of the consumer organization are the best interests The balance is some of the main measures. The law is the best interest balancer, strengthening the supporting legislative work of the energy supervision system reform, and helping to realize the energy supervision China's energy regulation legislation should draw on the advanced experience of the European Union and the United States, and should follow the trend of market-oriented, ecological, and international trend of energy legislation, and speed up the process of energy legislation, and carry out various energy laws in a timely manner Law's standing, reform and waste work to consolidate and guarantee energy regulation
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：F206;D922.6

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1 張宗益,楊世興,李豫湘;電力產(chǎn)業(yè)激勵性管制機(jī)制[J];重慶大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版);2002年11期

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