本文選題：渤海環(huán)境保護(hù) + 非濱海省區(qū)　； 參考：《中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：渤海是深入我國(guó)大陸的半封閉型淺海,半封閉型的地理環(huán)境決定了渤海的海域環(huán)境狀況與周邊人類的生產(chǎn)生活息息相關(guān),然而,在大力發(fā)展環(huán)渤海經(jīng)濟(jì)圈的同時(shí),我們看到,匯入和沉積在渤海的化學(xué)污染物總量呈不斷擴(kuò)大的趨勢(shì),在這種趨勢(shì)的影響下,渤海海水水質(zhì)惡化、海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)失衡以及赤潮災(zāi)害頻發(fā)等各種重大的海洋生態(tài)問(wèn)題日漸凸顯。 20世紀(jì)90年代后期,渤海環(huán)境保護(hù)已經(jīng)成為國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)之一,國(guó)家環(huán)�？偩趾蛧�(guó)家海洋局分別聯(lián)合環(huán)渤海三省一市以及高等學(xué)校、研究院、所等機(jī)構(gòu),陸續(xù)制定了《渤海碧海藍(lán)天行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》、《渤海綜合整治計(jì)劃》等相關(guān)的規(guī)劃性法律文件,在這些規(guī)劃的引領(lǐng)下,我們已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了主要化學(xué)污染物排放總量控制和渤海海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量預(yù)防的控制和治理的相關(guān)問(wèn)題的研究和解決。 長(zhǎng)期關(guān)于渤海環(huán)境保護(hù)理論研究和實(shí)際操作得出的結(jié)論是:在保護(hù)渤海環(huán)境的過(guò)程中,法律手段是不可缺少的,要在立法層面上加強(qiáng)對(duì)從沿岸排污口到河流、從入海口到流域上游地區(qū)的污染源控制,加強(qiáng)立法,嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法。在這個(gè)大趨勢(shì)的驅(qū)動(dòng)下,關(guān)于渤海立法的課題被正式提上議事日程。 2009年國(guó)家發(fā)改委牽頭編制的《渤海環(huán)境保護(hù)總體規(guī)劃(2008年~2020年)》中確定了加強(qiáng)重點(diǎn)環(huán)節(jié)和關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域的保護(hù)與防治,建立渤海污染防治與生態(tài)修復(fù)系統(tǒng)等五大任務(wù),體現(xiàn)了渤海環(huán)境保護(hù)任務(wù)的綜合性、戰(zhàn)略性、客觀性和長(zhǎng)期性。要從根本上改善渤海的污染狀況,就要堅(jiān)持“海陸統(tǒng)籌、河海兼顧”的原則,由于渤海的化學(xué)污染物主要來(lái)源于陸源、海源和氣源三大途徑,其中,陸源污染源是渤海最重要的污染源之一。 陸源污染源包括點(diǎn)源和面源兩大類,其中前者又可分為入海河流和排污口,是各類化學(xué)污染物的主要來(lái)源;后者主要是指村鎮(zhèn)、農(nóng)田地表徑流,是營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽、COD等污染物的主要來(lái)源。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),環(huán)渤海地區(qū)擁有黃河、海河和遼河三大水系共80多條河流匯入渤海,其中主要河流有40多條,而這些流入渤海的河流幾乎沒(méi)有一條的河水是清潔的。 渤海的半封閉性質(zhì)決定了它的自凈能力是有限的,而有專家研究稱,“渤海徑流水系入海污染物質(zhì)的管理如果完全到位,則渤海環(huán)保工作將完成30%。①因此,控制各條匯入渤海河流的水量、水質(zhì)、漁業(yè)、生態(tài)問(wèn)題不失為解決渤海環(huán)境問(wèn)題的一個(gè)好辦法,而每一條河流的流域都是一個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng),對(duì)河流的治理不應(yīng)當(dāng)只單獨(dú)著眼于入海口,而應(yīng)該從流域的特性出發(fā),整體綜合治理,在這個(gè)層面上,關(guān)于渤海環(huán)境保護(hù)的問(wèn)題,入渤海河流的流域的省市都負(fù)有不可推卸的責(zé)任,除卻環(huán)渤海的十三市外,非濱海省區(qū)在渤海環(huán)境保護(hù)中也應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行相關(guān)的立法,把河流污染、水量匱乏、生態(tài)破外等問(wèn)題就地解決。 與渤海相關(guān)的非濱海省區(qū)包涵面很廣:黃河流域的青海省、甘肅省、寧夏回族自治區(qū)、內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)、陜西省、山西省、河南省和山東省非濱海的市縣;海河流域包括北京、河北省的非濱海市縣、山西省、河南省、山東省非濱海市縣;遼河流域包括河北省、內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)、吉林省和遼寧省的非濱海市縣。本文從匯入渤海的黃河、海河、遼河三大水系的流域出發(fā),分析三大流域的非濱海省區(qū)在渤海環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)破壞中應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任,論證非濱海省區(qū)在渤海環(huán)境保護(hù)中承擔(dān)責(zé)任的必要性和可行性,進(jìn)而全面梳理中央和地方關(guān)于三大流域的立法中與渤海環(huán)境保護(hù)相關(guān)的法律,從各地的實(shí)際出發(fā),找出在渤海環(huán)境保護(hù)中各地立法執(zhí)法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)與不足,通過(guò)對(duì)比,針對(duì)不足,提出非濱海省區(qū)在渤海環(huán)境保護(hù)中的法制建設(shè)任務(wù)。
[Abstract]:Bohai is a semi closed shallow sea in the mainland of China. The semi closed geographical environment determines that the environmental conditions of Bohai are closely related to the production and life of the surrounding people. However, while developing the economic circle of Bohai, we see that the total amount of chemical pollutants in the Bohai and the Bohai is constantly expanding. Under the influence of various trends, major marine ecological problems, such as deterioration of marine water quality, imbalance of marine ecosystem and frequent occurrence of red tides, are becoming increasingly prominent in Bohai.
In the late 1990s, the environmental protection of Bohai has become one of the national strategic tasks. The State Environmental Protection Administration and the State Oceanic Administration jointly annex the three provinces and one city of Bohai, as well as institutions of higher learning, research institutes, and other institutions, which have successively formulated the related planning legal documents, such as the Bohai blue sea blue sky action plan, and the Bohai comprehensive regulation plan. Under the guidance of these plans, we have studied and solved the problems related to the control and control of the total emission control of major chemical pollutants and the prevention of the quality of the marine ecological environment in Bohai.
For a long time, the conclusion of Bohai environmental protection theory and practical operation is that the legal means are indispensable in the process of protecting the environment of Bohai. It is necessary to strengthen the pollution source control system from the coastal discharge port to the river, from the mouth of the sea to the upper reaches of the basin in the legislative level, and to strengthen the legislation and enforce the law strictly. Driven by legislation, the issue of legislation in Bohai has been officially put on the agenda.
In 2009, the overall planning of Bohai environmental protection (~2020 2008), led by the national development and Reform Commission, determined the protection and prevention of key links and key areas, and the establishment of the Bohai pollution control and ecological restoration system and other five major tasks, which reflected the comprehensive, strategic, objectivity and long-term nature of the environmental protection task of Bohai. In order to improve the pollution situation in Bohai, we should adhere to the principle of "overall planning of land and sea and balance between river and sea", because the chemical pollutants in Bohai are mainly derived from three main sources of land source, sea source and gas source, of which the source of land source pollution is one of the most important sources of pollution in Bohai.
The source of land source pollution includes two major categories: point source and surface source, the former can be divided into the river and the sewage outlet, which is the main source of all kinds of chemical pollutants; the latter mainly refers to the villages and towns, the farmland surface runoff, the main source of the nutrients, COD and other pollutants. According to the statistics, there are three major water systems in the Haiti region of the Bohai Sea and the sea and the Liaohe River. Rivers flow into Bohai, with more than 40 main rivers, and almost none of the rivers that flow into Bohai are clean.
The semi closed nature of Bohai determines that its self purification capacity is limited, and an expert study says, "if the management of the pollution material in the Bohai river system is completely in place, the environmental protection work of Bohai will complete 30%. 1, thus controlling the water quantity, water quality, fishery and ecological problems of all the rivers in Bohai to solve the environmental problems of Bohai." A good way, and every river basin is an ecological system, the river management should not only focus on the entrance to the sea, but should start from the characteristics of the river basin, overall comprehensive treatment, on this level, on the problem of environmental protection in Bohai, the provinces and cities of the river basin in the Bohai River have an unshirkable responsibility. In the thirteen cities around Bohai, relevant legislation should be carried out in the environmental protection of non coastal provinces and regions in Bohai. The problems of river pollution, water shortage and ecological destruction should be solved in place.
The non coastal provinces related to Bohai are well covered: Qinghai Province, Gansu, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Shaanxi Province, Shanxi Province, Henan province and Shandong Province, the non coastal cities and counties of the Yellow River River Basin; Haihe River basin includes Beijing, Hebei province's non coastal cities, provinces, provinces, non coastal cities and counties; the Liaohe River Basin package. Including Hebei, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Jilin province and Liaoning Province, this paper analyzes the responsibility of non littoral provinces in the environmental pollution and ecological destruction of Bohai in the three major water systems of the Yellow River, Haihe River and Liaohe River in Bohai, and discusses the responsibility of non coastal provinces in the environmental protection of Bohai. It is necessary and feasible to make a comprehensive combing of the laws relating to the environmental protection of the three major basins in the central and local areas, and to find out the advantages and disadvantages of the legislative law enforcement in Bohai environmental protection from the actual conditions of the three regions. By contrast, the legal construction of the non coastal provinces in Bohai's environmental protection is proposed. Set up a task.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：X321;D922.6

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