本文關(guān)鍵詞： CITES 瀕危野生動植物種 運行機制 履約機制　出處：《華東政法大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 無論將野生生物視作具有本質(zhì)價值的重要存在還是僅僅是一種資源,物種滅絕都是一場不可逆的巨大災(zāi)難。大規(guī)模的野生動植物貿(mào)易在物種進化過程中無疑扮演著劊子手的角色。為了規(guī)制國際野生動植物種貿(mào)易,保護野生生物,《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿(mào)易公約》(英文全稱Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species of Fauna And Flora,英文縮寫CITES,下文簡稱"CITES"或“公約”)于1973年誕生。作為世界上最具影響力、操作性最強的一部關(guān)于野生動植物保護和利用管理的政府間多邊協(xié)定,公約制定了多種機制并對成員國提出履約要求,以期達到宗旨。 長期以來,由于中國經(jīng)濟高速發(fā)展,對野生動植物資源的開發(fā)利用程度急劇增大,虎、象、熊類、麝類等珍稀物種的利用,都與中國直接相關(guān),造成了部分物種的生存面臨嚴(yán)重威脅,這種狀況對中國經(jīng)濟、政治、外交等國家利益也帶來了負(fù)面影響。為此中國于1981年成為該公約的締約國后,并在履行公約義務(wù)和加強野生動植物國際貿(mào)易方面做了大量工作,取得了一定成效,《中華人民共和國瀕危野生動植物進出口管理條例》的施行使我國成為了履約立法一類國家,但也應(yīng)意識到我國在機構(gòu)設(shè)置、國內(nèi)立法等方面仍存在缺陷,野生動植物保護不容樂觀。另外,公約本身也不是一個一成不變的公約,它的規(guī)定、機制、關(guān)注焦點隨著世界環(huán)境、政治、經(jīng)濟和野生動植物資源保護利用形勢的變化在做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整,因此有必要有針對性地對中國野生動植物貿(mào)易和履約管理的現(xiàn)狀及其問題并提出應(yīng)對之策。 本文的第一章闡述了《瀕危野生動植物種貿(mào)易公約》的產(chǎn)生過程與創(chuàng)設(shè)目的,詳細(xì)介紹了公約的運行機制,包括控制機制、貿(mào)易監(jiān)督機制、預(yù)防機制、制裁機制與執(zhí)法合作機制,并從機構(gòu)設(shè)置與立法要求兩個方面研究了公約對于各個成員國的履約要求。 第二章研究了發(fā)達國家,如歐盟、美國的履約狀況,從機構(gòu)設(shè)置與立法現(xiàn)狀角度探索了歐盟、美國的實踐做法,分析了它們的優(yōu)勢與特點,如設(shè)立專門機構(gòu),重視棲息地的保護等。 第三章進行了我國野生動植物進出口貿(mào)易管理及履約方面的研究,認(rèn)為：1、我國為履約設(shè)置的管理機構(gòu)和科學(xué)機構(gòu)職能仍不健全,不能充分行使公約的職責(zé),在各主管部門間也缺乏有效的協(xié)調(diào)機制；2、我國在瀕危野生動植物保護方面的立法仍稱不上完善,具體表現(xiàn)在缺乏對于主管部門的監(jiān)管,保護范圍過于狹窄,對棲息地保護力度嚴(yán)重不足,立法層次不高,操作性不強,法律法規(guī)間存在不協(xié)調(diào)之處等。 第四章借鑒了歐盟、美國的履約經(jīng)驗,在切實可行的前提下改進中國的履約狀況,加強與公約的接軌,建議措施有：1、完善主管機構(gòu)的職能,明確管理機構(gòu)擁有獨立的行政和執(zhí)法資格,加大科學(xué)機構(gòu)的參與力度；2、強化部門間的協(xié)調(diào),實行限定口岸政策,在執(zhí)法方面成立協(xié)調(diào)委員會；3、擴大法律的保護范圍,從立法方面保障棲息地的保護力度；4、完善對主管部門的監(jiān)管體系與制度,確立主管部門行政行為不得危害瀕危野生動植物種的原則；5、建立公眾參與機制,為政府工作拾遺補缺。
[Abstract]:It will be regarded as an important wildlife has essential value or just is a kind of resources, species extinction is a irreversible catastrophe. The large-scale trade in wildlife in the evolutionary process will undoubtedly play the role of executioner. In order to regulate the international wildlife trade, protection of wildlife and endangered wild "animals and plants for the Convention on international trade (full name Convention On English > International Trade In Endangered Species of Fauna And Flora, English abbreviation CITES, hereinafter referred to as" CITES "or" the Convention ") was born in 1973. As the world's most influential, most of a wildlife protection and utilization management of government multilateral agreements, conventions have developed a variety of mechanism and put forward the implementation requirements of Member States, in order to achieve the purpose.
For a long time, because of Chinese high-speed economic development, development and utilization of wildlife resources is increasing rapidly, tiger, elephant, bear, the musk deer and other rare species, and are directly related to the Chinese, causing part of the survival of the species is facing a serious threat, the political status of China, economy, diplomacy etc. also the interests of the state had a negative effect. This Chinese in 1981 to become parties to the Convention, and in fulfilling their obligations under the Convention and do a lot of work to strengthen the international trade of wildlife, and achieved certain results, "People's Republic of China endangered plant implementation of the regulations on Administration of import and export of our country has become a kind of national legislations. But we should also be aware of the institutional setting of China's domestic legislation, etc. there are still shortcomings, wildlife protection is not optimistic. In addition, the convention the Convention itself is not a constant 10%, It rules, mechanism, focus as the world political, economic environment and wildlife conservation with the changes in the situation and make the appropriate adjustments, it is necessary for the current situation and problems of China wildlife trade and performance management and put forward countermeasures.
The first chapter of this paper describes the process of "endangered species Convention" and the creation of trade, introduces the operating mechanism of the Convention, including trade control mechanism, supervision mechanism, prevention mechanism, punishment mechanism and law enforcement cooperation mechanism, and the organization and the legislative requirements of two aspects of the Convention for all the members of the performance requirements.
The second chapter studies the performance of developed countries, such as the European Union and the United States, explores the practice of the European Union and the United States from the perspective of institutional setup and legislation, and analyzes their advantages and characteristics, such as the establishment of specialized agencies and the protection of habitats.
The third chapter studies, China Wildlife Import and export management and performance aspects that: 1, China's performance settings management agencies and scientific organizations function is still not perfect, can not fully exercise the Convention duties in various departments also lack of effective coordination mechanisms; 2, endangered in China wildlife protection legislation is still not perfect, in the absence of specific performance for the regulatory authorities, the scope of protection is too narrow, the habitat protection is seriously insufficient, the legislative level is not high, the operation is not strong, the inconsistent laws and regulations.
The fourth chapter based on the experience of the United States, the performance improvement, performance status China in the premise of feasible, strengthen integration with the Convention, suggestions and measures are: 1, improve the administrative institutions, clear management institutions have independent administrative and law enforcement qualification, increase science and the degree of participation; 2, strengthen coordination between departments, the implementation of limited port policy coordination committee was established in law enforcement; 3, to expand the scope of legal protection, protection from legislation protection of habitat; 4, perfect the supervision system and the system of the competent authorities, the establishment shall not endanger the endangered species of Wild Fauna and flora of the principle of administrative behavior authorities; 5, the establishment of the public participate in the mechanism, working for the government Shiyibuque.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D922.68

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